Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Liz's Clinical Chemistry Module 3 > Water and Electrolyte Balance > Flashcards

Water and Electrolyte Balance Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 factors which must be controlled in the human body to maintain homeostasis

A
  • Water balance b/w fluid compartments
  • Electrolyte balance
  • pH: 7.40
  • Temperature: 37°C
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

All water w/in cell membranes; the medium through which CHEMICAL RXNS OF CELLULAR METABOLISM OCCUR

A

Intracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Major ions/constituents in intracellular fluid

A
  • Cations: K+ and Mg2+
  • Anions: protein, organic phosphates, sulfates
  • Low concentrations of: Na+, Cl-, HCO3-
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

All water outside of cell membranes; the medium through which all METABOLIC CHANGES occur

A

Extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Major ions/constituents in extracellular fluid

A

Interstitial fluid and plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The directly measureable plasma is known as what?

A

Intravascular fluid (plasma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Major ions/constituents in intravascular fluid

A
  • Large amount of protein
  • High concentrations: Na+, Cl-
  • Moderate concentrations: HCO3-
  • Low concentrations: Ca2+, Mg2+, phosphate, sulfate, K+, organic acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fluid that directly bathes the cells of body includes pericardial, pleural, peritoneal, and synovial body fluids; cannot be sampled for direct measurement

A

Interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Major ions/constituents in interstitial fluid

A
  • High: Na+, Cl-
  • Medium: HCO3-
  • Low: NO proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The force that tends to move water from dilute solutions to concentrated solutions

A

Osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do osmotic pressure differences maintain the composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids?

A

Predominance of K+ in the intracellular fluid and Na+ in the extracellular fluid PLUS plasma proteins that are the major contributors to the osmotic pressure b/w these compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What maintains electroneutrality b/w compartments?

A

Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does the Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium maintain the composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids

A

It maintains the electroneutrality b/w compartments by keeping the anion total equaling the total cations (the use of non-diffusable anions is important)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3 chemical constituents that contribute to osmotic pressure differences b/w EXTRACELLULAR and INTRACELLULAR fluid compartments

A
  • K+
  • Na+
  • Plasma proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 means by which water balance is maintained b/w INTERSTITIAL and INTRACELLULAR fluid compartments

A
  • Membrane characteristics
  • Colloid osmotic pressure (COP)
  • NaK- ATPase pump
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do passive transport differences maintain an equilibrium b/w intravascular and interstitial fluids, including importance of maintaining normal plasma protein concentrations in homeostasis?

A

?????

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do colloid osmotic pressure differences maintain an equilibrium between intravascular and interstitial fluids, including importance of maintaining normal plasma protein concentrations in homeostasis?

A

Protein in the plasma causes water to move into the plasma from the interstitial fluid b/c there is no protein in the ISF. This movement is from colloid osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do hydrostatic pressure differences maintain an equilibrium between intravascular and interstitial fluids, including importance of maintaining normal plasma protein concentrations in homeostasis

A

Hydrostatic pressure from the heart causes fluid to move from the plasma into the interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do colloid osmotic pressure differences maintain an equilibrium between interstitial and intracellular fluids

A

Because there is protein in the cells and not in the interstitial fluid, water flows from the interstitial fluid to the cells due to osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do membrane characteristics (lipid solubility, size of solute, water permeability, and charge) maintain an equilibrium between interstitial and intracellular fluids

A

Permeability is directly related to lipid solubility and size and inversely related to the water solubility of the solute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does the NA-K-ATPase pump maintain an equilibrium between interstitial and intracellular fluids

A

The pump actively pumps sodium out of cells and pumps in K+ maintaining equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why is the NaK-ATPase pump necessary for water balance?

A

Keeps the water balanced b/w the interstitial and intercellular fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

NaK-ATPase pump movement of substances IN and OUT of the cell

  • Water?
  • Na+?
  • K+?
A
  • Water: out (follows Na+)
  • Na+: out
  • K+: in
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does the hypothalamus regulate water balance?

A

Neurons shrink and hypothalamus signals need for water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Four stimuli for both the water-intake and water-output areas of the hypothalamus

A
  • ↑ extracellular water osmolarity
  • Angiotensin II
  • ↓ in intravascular volume (leading to ↓ distension receptor activity)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The effect of stimulation of both the water intake and water output areas of the hypothalamus

A
  • Water input: ↑ thirst

- Water output: ↑ ADH secretion from posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The net effect of hypothalamic stimulation on water balance

A
  • Water input: ↑ free water intake

- Water output: ↓ free water output by kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Primary stimulus for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release

A

Increase in ECW osmolality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Natriuretic peptides

- Two conditions that result in the release and increase in the blood

A

Secreted in response to intravascular volume expansion and defend against salt-induced CHF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Natriuretic peptides

- Source and three physiological effects of atrial natriuetic peptide (ANP)

A
  • Source: cardiac atria

- Effects: reduce the increase in venous pressure, increases vascular permeability and promotes natriuresis and diuresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Natriuretic peptides

- Source and three physiological effects of brain natriuetic peptide (BNP)

A
  • Source: produced in cardiac ventricles

- Effects: cardiovascular, natriuretic, and diuretic effects similar to ANPq

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Natriuretic Peptides

- Three sources and one physiological effect of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)

A
  • Source: brain, vascular endothelial cells, renal tubules

- Effect: venous dilator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the effect ADH has on the renal collecting ducts?

A

Stimulation of water output area of the hypothalamus causes pores of the collecting ducts to become more permeable to water (↑ water reabsorption)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Causes of extracellular fluid loss

A
  • Trauma (and other causes of acute blood loss)
  • Burns
  • Pancreatitis, peritonitis
  • Vomiting, diarrhea, diuretics
  • Renal or adrenal disease taht causes salt wasting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Causes for hypernatremic dehydration

A
  • Water and food deprivation
  • Diabetes insipidus
  • Excessive sweating
  • Osmotic diuresis association w/ glucosuria
  • Diuretic therapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Causes of extracellular fluid gain

A
  • Heart failure
  • Hepatic cirrhosis
  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • Intravenous fluid overload
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The most common cause of water intoxication

A

Extracellular fluid gain caused by syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Sodium reference range

A

136-145 mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Four functions of sodium

A
  • Maintain normal H2O distribution
  • Maintain normal osmotic pressure
  • Neuromuscular processes
  • Acid-base balance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Contrast diabetes and the syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) secretion according to ADH and sodium levels

A 
Diabetes inspidus
- High urinary output
- Low levels ADH
- Hypernatremia
- Dehydrated
- Loss of too much fluid
SIADH
- Low urinary output
- High leevls of ADH
- Hyponatremia
- Overhydrated
- Retains too much fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Sodium is a major ____ cation

A

Extracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Three renal processes by which normal levels of sodium are maintained in the body

A
  • Kidneys-filtered in the glomeruli; reabsorption in the PCT, loops of Henle, and DCT
  • Aldosterone controls Na+ in DCT
  • BNP gets rid of Na+
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Depletional hyponatremia causes ____ hyponatremia

A

Absolute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Two general causes of depletional hyponatremia

A
  • Renal loss

- Non-renal loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Two general causes of renal losses in depletional hyponatremia

A
  • Diuretic loss

- Hypoaldosteronism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Two general causes of non-renal losses in depletional hyponatremia

A
  • GI loss

- Skin loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

3 general causes of hyponatremia

A
  • Depletional
  • Dilutional
  • Pseudohyponatremia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Dilutional hyponatremia is a ____ hyponatremia

A

Relative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Two general causes of dilutional hyponatremia

A
  • SIADH

- Hyperglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Why does SIADH and hyperglycemia lead to increased water volume in dilutional hyponatremia?

A
  • ADH is secreted all the time, which causes use to retain H2O diluting Na+
  • Increased glucose in urine causes it to be diluted w/ H2O
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Two general causes of pseudohyponatremia

A
  • Hyperlipidemia

- Hyperproteinemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Why does hyperlipidemia and hyperproteinemia cause low sodium results in pseudohyponatremia?

A

Displaces some H2O, picks up more lipids or protein than plasma H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Three general causes of hypernatremia due to water loss

A
  • GI losses
  • Excessive sweating
  • Diabetes insipidus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Three general causes of hypernatremia due to sodium gain

A
  • Ingestion or infusion of Na+
  • Primary hyperaldosteronism (tumor)
  • Secondary hyperaldosteronism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Two general causes of hypernatremia

A
  • Water loss

- Sodium gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Reference range of potassium

A

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

57
Q

Two functions of potassium

A
  • Regulation of many cellular processes

- Neuromuscular excitation (heart)

58
Q

Three general causes of hypokalemia

A
  • Increased cellular uptake
  • Increased renal loss
  • Excessive GI loss
59
Q

Why does excess insulin cause hypokalemia?

A

Too much glucose and potassium

60
Q

Why does alkalosis compensation cause hypokalemia?

A

Need more acid in bloodstream so RBCs push H+ ions into blood and take up more K+

61
Q

Four general causes of hypokalemia due to renal loss

A
  • Hyperaldosteronism
  • Diuretic theory
  • Licorice ingestion
  • Renal tubular acdiosis
62
Q

Three general causes of hypokalemia due to excessive gastrointestinal loss

A
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Laxative abuse
63
Q

Five general causes of hyperkalemia

A
  • Increased intake
  • Increased cell lysis
  • Altered cellular uptake
  • Impaired renal excretion
  • Pseudohyperkalemia
64
Q

Three causes of hyperkalemia due to increased intake

A
  • Txn of aged blood
  • Supplements
  • Bananas
65
Q

Three general causes of hyperkalemia due to increased in vivo cell lysis

A
  • Cellular trauma
  • Cellular injury
  • In vivo hemolysis
66
Q

Two general causes of hyperkalemia due to altered cellular uptake

A
  • Compensation for acidosis (H+ taken into cell, K+ pushed out = electroneutrality)
  • Insulin deficiency
67
Q

Two general causes of hyperkalemia due to impaired renal excretion

A
  • Renal insufficiency or failure

- Hypoaldosteronism

68
Q

Reference range of chloride

A

99-109 mEq/L

69
Q

Chloride is a major ____ anion

A

Extracellular

70
Q

Three functions of chloride

A
  • Maintains H2O balance
  • Maintains osmotic pressure
  • Acid-base balance w/ “chloride shift”
71
Q

Three general causes of hypochloremia and associated conditions

A
  • GI losses → prolonged vomiting, nasogastric suctioning
  • Burns → tissue trauma
  • Renal losses → diuretic therapy, compensation for metabolic acidosis
72
Q

Two general causes of hyperchloremia and associated conditions

A
  • Dehydration
  • Renal tubular acidosis → Na+ gain
  • Compensation for metabolic alkalosis
73
Q

REMEMBER: Cl- levels altered in same direction as Na+ = ____ ____

A

Water imbalance

74
Q

REMEMBER: Cl- levels not proportional to Na+ = ____ ____ ____

A

Acid-base imbalance

75
Q

Clinical usefulness of sweat chloride measurements

A

Sweat induced by pilocarpine iontophoresis; cystic fibrosis detected if >60 mEq/L and normal if <40 mEq/L

76
Q

Reference range of bicarbonate

A

22-28 mEq/L

77
Q

Function of bicarbonate

A
  • Levels regulated by the kidney
  • Decrease in metabolic acidosis
  • Increase in metabolic alkalosis
78
Q

Bicarbonate is the 2nd most important ____ anion

A

Extracellular

79
Q

Not all ions measured when electrolytes are performed so a gap exists because of contribution of unmeasured anions: protein, sulfate, phosphate, and organic acids

A

Anion gap

80
Q

Why is the anion gap an expected occurrence?

A
  • The body exists in a state of electroneutrality, but not all ions are “measured” when electrolytes are performed
  • The “gap” exists b/c of the contribution of unmeasured anions: protein, sulfate, phosphate, and organic acids
81
Q

Clinical purpose of anion gap calculation

A

To estimate unmeasured anions

82
Q

Laboratory purpose of anion gap calculation

A

Instrument error determines acceptability of results

83
Q

Expected range of anion gap using [(Na+K)-(Cl+HCO3)]

A

12-20 mEq/L

84
Q

Expected range of anion gap using [(Na)-(Cl+HCO3)]

A

8-16 mEq/L

85
Q

Three general causes of an increased anion gap and two conditions associated w/ each

A
  • Increased unmeasured anions → Lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, toxic ingestion
  • Decreased unmeasured cations → decreased Ca2+ and Mg2+
  • Lab error → overestimation of Na+ or underestimation of Cl- or HCO3-
86
Q

Three general causes of a decreased anion gap and one condition associated w/ each

A
  • Decreased unmeasured anions → hypoalbuminemia
  • Increased unmeasured cations → K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, paraproteins
  • Lab error → underestimation of Na+, overestimation of Cl- or HCO3-
87
Q

Reference range of calcium

A

8.5-10.5 mg/dL

88
Q

Four functions of calcium

A
  • Decreases in neuromuscular excitability
  • Blood coagulation
  • Activator in enzymatic reactions
  • Transfer inorganic ions across cell membranes
89
Q

Three forms of Ca2+ in the blood

A
  • Bound
  • Filterable: ionized
  • Filterable: complexed
90
Q

Physiologically active form of Ca2+ in the blood

A

Filterable ionized

91
Q

Five factors that control serum Ca2+ levels

A
  • Absorbed in GI tract; alkali and presence of fat interferes w/ absorption
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (↑ Ca2+)
  • Calcitonin (↓ Ca2+)
  • Vitamin D (↑ Ca2+)
  • Protein (ALB) levels
92
Q

Seven causes of hypocalcemia

A
  • Decreased serum protein (most common)
  • Hypoparathyroidism
  • Steatorrhea
  • Nephrosis
  • Pancreatitis
  • Vitamin D deficiency
  • Heparin during surgery
93
Q

Three causes of hypercalcemia

A
  • Metastatic bone disease (most common)
  • Multiple myeloma
  • Hyperparathyroidism
94
Q

List the most common cause of hypercalcemia

A

Metastatic bone disease (secondary to cancer of breast, lung, and kidney)

95
Q

Two reasons why profoundly decreased ionized Ca2+ levels may be fatal

A
  • Causes tetany, seizures, hypotension, ↓ cardiac function

- Enhances hyperkalemia = fibrillation and cardiac standstill

96
Q

Reference range of Mg2+

A

1.9-2.5 mg/dL

97
Q

Three functions of magnesium

A
  • Activator in enzymatic reactions (transfer/storage)
  • Crucial in cellular physiology
  • CHO, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid metabolism
98
Q

Two general causes of hypomagnesemia and two specific conditions associated w/ each

A
  • Impaired intake → malabsorption, malnutrition, diarrhea, alcoholism
  • Excessive renal loss → diuretics, hyperaldosteronism, and primary hyperparathyroidism
99
Q

Three general causes of hypermagnesemia

A
  • Renal failure
  • Magnesium intoxication
  • Treatment of toxemia of pregnancy (MgSO4 excess)
100
Q

Reference range of phosphorus

A

2.5-4.5 mg/dL

101
Q

Five functions of phosphorus

A
  • Major intracellular anion
  • Metabolism closely related to Ca2+
  • Intermediary metabolism
  • Component of phospholipids, nucleic acids, and ATP
  • Bone mineralization
  • Minor plasma buffer
102
Q

Five general causes of hypophosphatemia

A
  • RIckets
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Fanconi’s syndrome
  • Hemolytic anemia
  • Diabetes mellitus
103
Q

Four general causes of hyperphosphatemia

A
  • Glomerular renal failure
  • Hypervitaminosis D
  • Hypoparathyroidism
  • Bone repair
104
Q

of moles of solute particles dissolved/kg H2O (w/w soln)

A

Osmolality

105
Q

Reporting units for osmolality

A

mOsmol/kg H2O (w/w)

106
Q

Reporting units for osmolarity

A

mOsmol/L H2O (w/v)

107
Q

Three substances that have the greatest effect on serum osmolality

A

Na+, glucose, urea

108
Q

Clinical use of serum osmolality measruement

A

Determine the presence of “unmeasured substances” in blood

109
Q

Reference range for serum osmolality

A

280-300 mOsm/kg

110
Q

Seven conditions in which serum osmolality may be increased

A
  • Severe dehydration
  • Renal failure
  • Alcohols
  • Ethylene glycol
  • Ketone bodies
  • Lactic acid
  • Mannitol adminstration
111
Q

Clinical use of urine osmolality measurement

A

Assess renal concentrating and diluting ability

112
Q

Reference range of urine osmolality

A

300-1000 mOsm/kg

113
Q

Three specific conditions in which the urine osmolality is decreased

A
  • Diabetes insipidus
  • Polydipsia
  • Renal failure
114
Q

One specific condition in which the urine osmolality is increased

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion (SIADH)

115
Q

Calculation for serum osmolality

A

(1.86 x Na+) + (BUN/2.8) + (Glucose/18)

116
Q

Calculation for osmolality gap

A

Measured serum osmolality minus calculated serum osmolality

117
Q

Three methods by which Na+ and K+ may be quantitated

A
  • Atomic absorption spectroscopy (reference method)
  • Flame photometry (old method)
  • Ion-selective electrodes (most common)
118
Q

Chloride Method Principle

- Chloride is able to displace thiocyanate from mercuric thiocyanate. The reacts w/ ferric iron to form a red complex

A

Colorimetric (mercuric thiocyanate and ferric nitrate)

119
Q

Chloride Method Principle

- Titration that is the reference method for chloride

A

Coulometric/amperometric

120
Q

Chloride Method Principle

- Most common today; uses a silver/silver chloride reference electrode

A

Ion-selective electrode

121
Q

Chloride Method Principle

- Based on determination of chloride-dependent alpha-amylase activity

A

Enzymatic (chloride method)

122
Q

Chloride Method Principle

- Pilocarpine iontophoresis

A

Sweat chloride (iontophoresis)

123
Q

Chloride Method Principle

- Purpose of reagents in the sweat chloride test

A

????

124
Q

What is the historical calcium precipitation method and two specific dyes used in the spectrophotometric method for measuring calcium

A
  • Historical method: was precipitation with oxalate (Clark and Collip method)
  • Spectrophotometric: o-cresolphthalein or arsenazo III
125
Q

Three reagents used in photometric magnesium methods

A
  • CalMAGite
  • Formazan
  • Methylthymol blue
126
Q

Reagent used in the most common phosphorus method

A

Photometric method
- Reaction of phosphate ions with ammonium molybdate, measured by UV absorption or reduction to the colored compound molybdenum blue

127
Q

Specimen and anticoagulant interferences for sodium method

A
  • Can analyze serum, plasma, whole blood, urine, or other
  • No Na+ in anticoagulant
  • Separate serum/plasma from cells w/in 3 hours
128
Q

Specimen and anticoagulant interferences for potassium method

A
  • Can analyze serum, plasma, whole blood, urine, or other
  • No K+ salt in anticoagulant
  • No hemolysis for K+
  • Separate serum/plasma from cells within 3 hours to prevent K+ leakage
129
Q

Specimen and anticoagulant interferences for chloride method

A
  • Serum or heparinized plasma

- Sweat chloride by pilocarpine iontophoresis

130
Q

Specimen and anticoagulant interferences for bicarbonate/total carbon dioxide method

A
  • Serum, heparinized plasma, or whole blood (usually blood gas specimen)
  • Handled anaerobically b/c loss of CO2
131
Q

Specimen and anticoagulant interferences for magnesium method

A
  • Serum or heparinized plasma

- NO HEMOLYSIS

132
Q

Specimen and anticoagulant interferences for calcium method

A
  • Serum or heparinized plasma
  • Promptly separate from cells to prevent uptake of Ca2+ by RBCs
  • CANNOT use anticoagulants such as EDTA, oxalate, or fluoride that chelates or precipitate calcium
133
Q

Specimen and anticoagulant interferences for phosphorus method

A
  • Serum or heparinized plasma
  • No EDTA or citrate or oxalate anticoagulatns as they interfere w/ formation of phosphomolybdate complex
  • NO HEMOLYSIS
  • Separate from cells promptly
134
Q

Electrolytes for which a hemolyzed specimen is NOT acceptable

A
  • K+
  • Mg2+
  • Phosphorus
135
Q

Intracellular cations/anions

- Rank in order of importance

A
  1. K+
  2. Magnesium
  3. Phosphorus
136
Q

Extracellular cations/anions

- Rank in order of importance

A
  1. Na+
  2. Bicarbonate
  3. Cl-
137
Q

When total body water is increased; serum sodium is decreased

A

ECF gain (overhydration, water intoxication)

138
Q

Symptoms of extracellular fluid gain

A
  • Weight gain
  • Edema
  • Dyspnea
  • Tachycardia
  • Jugular venous distension
  • Portal hypertension
  • Esophageal varices

Liz's Clinical Chemistry Module 3 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions