water and carboyhdrates Flashcards
What is water made up of?
Water is made up of one oxygen atom and 2 hydrogen atoms
What is the polar nature of water?
The shared electrons are pulled towards the oxygen atom, giving the oxygen atom a slightly negative charge. This leaves the hydrogen atoms with a slightly positive charge
What do the weak hydrogen bonds do in water?
It gives water it’s unique properties
High specific heat capacity
• properties of water
• lots of energy is needed to break the many hydrogen bonds
• stops water from evaporating quickly and to keep a stable environment from when the temperature changes
High latent heat of evaporation
• properties of water
• energy needed to turn liquid to a gas
• H20 has a high latent heat of evaporation sweat removes energy as it evaporates cooling us down
Good solvent
Polar nature of H20 separates ions (dissolves) slightly -O attract the positive ions, slightly +H attract the negative ions, each ion surrounded by water molecules which dissolves it
• transport ions around body or plant. All chemical reactions in the body happen in a solution
Lower density as a solid
• properties of water
• H bonds in ice are further apart (more stable)
• ice forms an insulating layer on top of water allowing aquatic organisms to survive
Very cohesive
• properties of water
• H20 molecules “stick together”
• increased surface tension moves H20 up plants
Adhesive properties
• properties of water
• “stick together”
• H20 molecules attracted to walls of the xylem - helps H20 move up
What are the properties of water?
• high specific heat capacity
• high latent heat of evaporation
• good solvent
• lower density as a solid
• very cohesive
• adhesive properties
what is a hydrolysis reaction?
The addition of water to break a chemical bond between two molecules
What is a condensation reaction?
The removal/release of water to join molecules together
What is an ion?
An ion is an atom with an electric charge
What is an inorganic ion?
An ion that does not contain carbon (with some exceptions)
What is a cation?
An ion with a positive charge
What is an anion?
An ion with a negative charge
CATIONS
Calcium (Ca2+)
• nerve impulse transmission
• muscle contraction
• cofactor for enzymes
Sodium (Na+)
• Generating nerve impulses
• muscle contraction
• transport of glucose and amino acids
Potassium (K+)
• generating nerve impulses
• muscle contraction
• regulating fluid balance
Hydrogen (H+)
• determines the pH of solutions
• used in photosynthesis reactions
Ammonium (NH4+)
• Source of nitrogen in plants
Iron (Fe2+)
• find oxygen within haemoglobin
What are biological molecules and give examples?
They are very large and are called macromolecules
These are organic they contain the element carbon
• carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
What elements does carbohydrates contain?
C,H,O
What are monomers?
Small units that combine to make large molecules
Monomers are the basic building blocks of larger biological macromolecules.
What is a polymer?
Large molecules made up of monomers joined together
Polymers are formed through the process of polymerization.
What is the process called when monomers join to form a polymer?
Polymerisation
This process involves various types of reactions, often condensation or dehydration reactions.
What are the monomers of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
Examples of monosaccharides include glucose and fructose.
What are the polymers of carbohydrates?
Polysaccharides
Examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
What is the main role of carbohydrates in living organisms?
Energy supply for cells
Carbohydrates are primarily used by organisms to provide energy.
How are carbohydrates stored for energy storage?
Stored as complex carbohydrates (e.g., starch, glycogen)
Sugars can be converted into complex forms for long-term energy storage.
What structural components do carbohydrates provide?
Cellulose and chitin used in cell walls
These carbohydrates contribute to the structural integrity of cells.
How do carbohydrates assist in cellular recognition?
Through glycoproteins
Glycoproteins help cells identify each other and communicate.
What are the three main types of carbohydrates based on subunits?
Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide
These terms refer to the number of sugar units present.
What is the simplest form of carbohydrate?
Monosaccharide
Monosaccharides are the basic building blocks of carbohydrates.
What is a common example of a disaccharide?
Sucrose
Other examples include maltose and lactose.
What are examples of polysaccharides?
Starch, glycogen, cellulose
These are complex carbohydrates used for storage and structural purposes.
Fill in the blank: Carbohydrates can be classified into three main types: _______.
Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide
True or False: Fructose is an example of a monosaccharide.
True
Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
What is the main function of starch?
Storage
Starch serves as a storage form of energy in plants.
What is the main function of glycogen?
Energy storage in animals
Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscle tissues.
What are examples of monosaccharides?
• Glucose
• Fructose
• Galactose
What are monosaccharides also known as?
Simple sugars
What are monosaccharides the monomers for?
Polysaccharides
Describe the solubility and taste of monosaccharides.
Sweet, soluble
Where can monosaccharides be commonly found?
In many foods, e.g., fruits
What is the general molecular formula for monosaccharides?
Cn H2n On
Give an example of a pentose sugar.
Ribose or Deoxyribose
What is the number of carbon atoms in pentose sugars?
5 atoms
List two examples of hexose sugars.
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose
What is the number of carbon atoms in hexose sugars?
6 carbons
What is the molecular formula for glucose?
C6 H12 O6
What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?
Deoxyribose has one oxygen removed
What are the two structural isomers of glucose?
Alpha glucose and beta glucose
What is the chemical formula of glucose?
C6 H12 O6
In alpha glucose, the hydroxyl group is positioned _______ the plane of the ring.
below
In beta glucose, the hydroxyl group is positioned _______ the plane of the ring.
above
What type of bond do alpha glucose molecules form to create starch?
Glycosidic bonds
What type of bond do beta glucose molecules form to create cellulose?
Glycosidic bonds
What is the main function of glucose in organisms?
Energy source
Why is glucose easily transported in the blood?
It is soluble
What is the role of glucose in respiration?
Quickly broken down by enzymes to release energy and make ATP
Glucose molecules can be joined together to form _______.
Disaccharides
Why can glucose be transported easily across membranes?
It is small
What are the properties of glucose?
• glucose is soluble
• glucose is easily and quickly broken down by enzymes
• glucose molecules can be joined together to form disaccharides
• glucose is small so can be transported across membranes easily
What are disaccharides made of?
Two monosaccharides joined together in a condensation reaction
What reaction forms maltose?
Condensation reaction
What type of bond is formed in maltose?
1,4 glycosidic bond
What are the components of maltose?
Two alpha glucose molecules
What is the hydrolysis reaction of maltose?
Maltose + H2O
What is sucrose composed of?
Glucose + Fructose
What type of bond is found in sucrose?
1,2 glycosidic bond
What is lactose composed of?
Beta glucose + Galactose
What type of bond is found in lactose?
Beta 1,4 glycosidic bond
What is the primary function of maltose?
Source of energy for germinating plants
E.g cereals, grains
What is the primary function of sucrose?
Source of energy carried in plants’ phloem
What is the primary function of lactose?
Source of energy
E.g milk
What are polysaccharides?
Complex carbohydrates such as starch, glucose, and cellulose
Polysaccharides are large molecules made up of many sugar units.
What is starch composed of?
A polymer of alpha glucose
Starch is a common storage form of energy in plants.
What are the two types of starch?
Amylose and amylopectin
These two components have different structures and functions.
What type of bond is found in amylose?
1,4 glycosidic bond
This bond creates a long, coiled structure, unbranched
Describe the structure of amylopectin.
Long, branched chain with 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
The branching allows for faster energy release.
What is the primary function of starch?
Energy store
Starch serves as a reserve source of energy in plants.
Where is starch commonly found?
Potatoes, seeds, and chloroplasts
These are typical locations for starch storage in plants.
Why is amylose easily stored inside cells?
It is coiled and compact
This compact structure allows for efficient storage.
What does starch not affect?
Does not affect chemical reactions or osmotic potential
Insolubility is key for its storage function.
What advantage does amylopectin provide for energy release?
It has lots of branches for enzymes to break down easily
This structure enables quicker access to energy.
Why can’t starch diffuse out of cells?
Because it is large
What is glycogen made up of?
A polymer of alpha glucose
What is the main function of glycogen?
To store excess glucose in animals
How can glycogen be utilized by the body?
It can be hydrolyzed back into glucose
What type of structure does glycogen have?
Highly branched structure with 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
Where is glycogen primarily stored in the body?
In liver and muscle cells
What is a key property of glycogen?
Insoluble and compact
Why is glycogen considered a good energy storage molecule?
It has many terminal ends which hydrolyse quickly to PROVIDE lots of energy
True or False: Glycogen can diffuse out of cells.
False
What is the significance of glycogen’s branching structure?
It allows for rapid hydrolysis and energy release
Glycogen is a polymer made up of many __________ condensed together.
alpha glucoses
What is the impact of glycogen on chemical processes stored in cells?
No effect on chemical processes
What makes glycogen fit well inside cells?
Its compact nature
What advantage does glycogen’s structure provide for energy storage?
Large amount of energy stored in a small space
What are the properties of glycogen?
• a polymer - many alpha glucoses condensed together
• many ends of chains
• insoluble
• compact
• large
What polymer is cellulose made up of?
Beta glucose
What is the main function of cellulose?
To provide structural support for plant cell walls, helps to give plants structure, strength, keep the shape of the cell
What is the arrangement of cellulose and why ?
Beta glucoses that are alternate to each other
So the OH groups can form glycosidic bonds
Describe the structure of cellulose
Linear, unbranched chain, 1,4 glycolsidic bonds
OH groups “stick out”
- can form H bonds with other chains to produce microfibrils
How are plant cell walls formed by cellulose?
Microfibres joins together to make macrofibres which combined to make strong cellulose fibres in the plant cell wall
Properties of cellulose
• High tensile strength- strength for cells
• Forms H bonds with parallel chains- links chains together to form microfibrils
• insoluble - can’t dissolve, doesn’t affect chemical reactions, water osmatic potential
What is a reducing sugar?
Reducing sugars include all monosaccharides and some disaccharide such as Maltose and lactose
What are reducing sugar?
Reducing sugars include all monosaccharides and some disaccharide such as Maltose and lactose
What are non-reducing sugars?
Non-reducing sugars include some disaccharide such as sucrose and all polysaccharides
How do you test for a reducing sugar?
- Place 2 cm³ of your food sample into a test tube
- Add an equal volume of Benedict solution
- Heat the mixture in a gently boiling water bath for five minutes
- If a reducing sugar is present, the mixture will change from a blue solution to a black brick red precipitate
How do you test for starch?
- Place 2 cm³ of your food sample into a test tube
- Add a couple drops of iodine solution and shake
- If starch is present, the solution will turn from orange to blue/black
What do you use to test for starch?
Iodine
What do you use to test for a reducing sugar?
Benedict’s solution
