Water and carbon cycles

Question 1

system

Answer 1

set of interrelated computers working together to form a process

Question 2

flows/transfers

Answer 2

matter/energy moves from one store to another

Question 3

input

Answer 3

energy/matter is added to a system

Question 4

output

Answer 4

energy/matter leaves a system

Question 5

store/component

Answer 5

where matter/energy is stored or built up

Question 6

matter

Answer 6

any substance involved in a system

Question 7

open system (and example)

Answer 7

matter and energy can leave or enter the system. drainage basin system as energy from sun enters and leaves and water enters through precipitation and leaves via river discharge

Question 8

closed system (and example)

Answer 8

energy can enter or leave the system but matter cannot. carbon cycle as energy from sun can enter and leave but all carbon on earth stays the same and does not enter or leave.

Question 9

isolated system

Answer 9

no interactions between system and its surroundings. does not exist in nature.

Question 10

dynamic equallibrium

Answer 10

inputs and outputs are in balance

Question 11

positive feedback

Answer 11

effects of an action are amplified/ multiplied by knock on effects so make the change worse.

Question 12

negative feedback

Answer 12

effects of an action are counteracted so the system returns to its original state.

Question 13

hydrosphere

Answer 13

all water including liquids, solids and gases

Question 14

cryosphere

Answer 14

all water stored in ice

Question 15

lithosphere

Answer 15

outermost part of the earth including crust and upper part of the mantle

Question 16

biosphere

Answer 16

all living things including plants, animals, bacteria and fungi

Question 17

atmosphere

Answer 17

layer of gas between earth surface and space

Question 18

how much stored in oceans

Answer 18

97%

Question 19

how much in freshwater

Answer 19

3%

Question 20

how much of freshwater is ice

Answer 20

79%

Question 21

how much of freshwater is stored as ground water

Answer 21

20%

Question 22

what % of surface freshwater is lakes

Answer 22

52%

Question 23

what % of surface freshwater is soil moisture

Answer 23

38%

Question 24

aquifers

Answer 24

reservoirs of water below the earth’s surface

Question 25

where are the most aquifers and why

Answer 25

arid areas as stores underground collected water when in much cooler and wetter climates however they are being used up and not replenished causing areas to sink

Question 26

permafrost

Answer 26

ground that remains frozen for over 2 years

Question 27

consequences of permafrost melting

Answer 27

they were formed during cold glacial periods and they hold huge amounts of methane in bubbles so as it melts they are released and therefore worsening climate change.

Question 28

conventional rainfall

Answer 28

when sun heats the earth’s surface, causing warm air to rise, cool and then condense into clouds creating rain

Question 29

orographic rainfall

Answer 29

air is forced upwards by mountains causing cooling and condensation leading to rainfall on windward side of the mountain

Question 30

frontal rainfall

Answer 30

warm and cold air masses meet, warm air rises over denser and cooler air which then condenses causing rainfall

Question 31

drainage basin

Answer 31

area of land drained by a river and its tributaries

Question 32

condensation

Answer 32

water vapour to liquid

Question 33

evaporation

Answer 33

liquid form to gas

Question 34

evapotranspiration

Answer 34

evaporation from pores and leaves of plants and soil

Question 35

groundwater flow

Answer 35

slow flow of water though underground rocks

Question 36

infiltration

Answer 36

water flows underground from the surface

Question 37

interception store

Answer 37

water stored in vegetation when intercepted from rainfall

Question 38

overland flow

Answer 38

water flow horizontally across land when infiltration capacity has been reached

Question 39

percolation

Answer 39

downward flow of water under the earth’s surface

Question 40

run off

Answer 40

all water that enters the river channel

Question 41

saturated

Answer 41

any water store that has reached capacity

Question 42

stem flow

Answer 42

water collected through interception and reaches the ground through flowing down trunks and stems

Question 43

through flow

Answer 43

horizontal flow of water within the soil because of gravity

Question 44

through fall

Answer 44

the rainfall that reaches the ground directly through gaps in vegetation

Question 45

transpiration

Answer 45

loss of water through vegetation pores surface eg leaves

Question 46

water balance

Answer 46

balance between inputs and outputs in a drainage basin