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Geography key words > water and carbon > Flashcards

water and carbon Flashcards

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1
Q

Acidification

A

The gradual reduction of pH of the oceans, due to dissolving carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere.

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1
Q

Afforestation -

A

Planting trees and vegetation in the aim of increasing forest cover

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2
Q

Anticyclone

A

A system of high pressure, causing high temperatures and
unseasonably high evaporation rates.

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3
Q

Biofuel

A

Burning crops and vegetation for electricity and heat.

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3
Q

Aquifer

A

A permeable or porous rock which stores water.

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4
Q

Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS)

A

The capture of carbon dioxide emissions
directly from the factory, pumped into disused mines rather than being released into
the atmosphere.

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5
Q

Carbon Fluxes

A

The movement of carbon between stores.

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6
Q

Carbon Neutral

A
  • A process that has no net addition of carbon dioxide to the
    environment.
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7
Q

Carbon Stores

A

Places where carbon accumulates for a period of time such as
rocks and plant matter.

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8
Q

Channel Flow

A

Water flowing in a rivulet, stream or river

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9
Q

Choke Points

A

Points in the logistics of energy and fuel that are prone to restriction.

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10
Q

Combustion

A

The process of burning a substance, in the presence of oxygen, to
release energy.

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11
Q

Convectional Precipitation

A
  • Solar radiation heats the air above the ground,
    causing it to rise, cool & condense forming precipitation (often as thunderstorms)
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12
Q

Cryosphere

A

The global water volume locked up within a frozen state (i.e. snow and
ice).

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13
Q

Decomposition

A

The break down of matter, often by a decomposer which releases
carbon dioxide through their own respiration.

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14
Q

Depression

A

A system of low pressure, with fronts of precipitation where low and
high pressure air masses meet.

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15
Q

Desalination Plant

A

The conversion of seawater to freshwater, suitable for human
consumption.

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16
Q

Desublimation

A

The change of state of water from gas to solid, without being a
liquid (the opposite process to sublimation).

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17
Q

Drainage Basin

A

The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.

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18
Q

Energy Mix

A
  • The composition of a country’s energy sources.
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19
Q

Drought -

A

An extended period of deficient rainfall relative to the statistical average
for the region (UN).

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20
Q

Economic Water Scarcity -

A

When water resources are available but insufficient
economic wealth limits access to it

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21
Q

Energy Security

A

The ownership and full control of a country’s energy source,
production and transportation.

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22
Q

Energy Pathway

A

The movement of energy from its extraction or source, through
pipes, freight logistics or cabling.

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23
Q

Energy Players -

A

Key companies and individuals who own, distribute and sell
energy and energy sources.

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24
Q

ENSO Cycles -

A
  • El Niño Southern Oscillations - naturally occurring phenomena that
    involves the movement of warm water in the Equatorial Pacific.
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25
Q

Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

A

The build-up of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere, reducing the amount of solar radiation reflected into space

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26
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

The combined total moisture transferred from the Earth to the
atmosphere, through evaporation and transpiration.

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27
Q

Frontal Precipitation -

A

Where air masses of different temperatures meet at a front,
one mass will be forced over another, causing precipitation beneath the front.

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28
Q

Global Hydrological Cycle

A

The continuous transfer of water between land,
atmosphere and oceans. The Earth is a closed system.

29
Q

Groundwater Flow

A

Water moving horizontally through permeable or porous rock
due to gravity.

30
Q

Infiltration

A

The movement of water vertically through the pores in soil.

31
Q

Hydrological Drought -

A

Insufficient soil moisture to meet the needs of vegetation
(crops, trees, plants) at a particular time

32
Q

Integrated Drainage Basin Management

A

Establishing a frame of coordinated
efforts between administrations (e.g. local government) and stakeholders (e.g
businesses) to achieve balanced management of a basin (World Bank).

33
Q

Inorganic Carbon

A

Carbon stored in carbonated rocks.

34
Q

Interception

A
  • Raindrops are prevented from falling directly onto the ground, instead
    hitting the leaves of a tree.
35
Q

Meteorological Drought

A

When long-term precipitation trends are below average.

36
Q

Monsoon

A

The drastic variation between wet and dry seasons for sub-tropical
areas, caused by a changed prevailing wind. Can lead to annual flooding.

37
Q

Non-Renewable

A

A source of energy that can only be used once to generate
electricity or takes thousands of years to replace e.g. Fossil Fuels.

38
Q

Nuclear Fusion

A

The process of joining atomic nuclei together, to produce energy.

39
Q

OPEC -

A

Oil and Petroleum exporting countries. An organisation that supports and
coordinates fossil fuel exporting countries.

40
Q

Open System

A

A system affected by external flows and inputs (such as a drainage
basin, or a sediment cell).

41
Q

Organic Carbon

A

Carbon stored in plant material and living organisms.

42
Q

Outgassing

A

The release of dissolved carbon dioxide (e.g. at plate boundaries,
warming the oceans).

43
Q

Percolation

A
  • Water moving vertically from soil into permeable rock.
44
Q

Photosynthesis -

A

The process of converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose
and oxygen. All plants and some organisms rely on this process to survive.

45
Q

Physical Water Scarcity -

A

A physical lack of available freshwater which cannot
meet demand.

46
Q

Phytoplankton

A

Small organisms that rely on photosynthesis to survive, so intake
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

47
Q

Primary Energy

A

The initial source of energy, as it is naturally found. This could be
natural ores, water, crops or radioactive material.

48
Q

Relief Precipitation -

A

Precipitation caused when air masses are forced to rise over
high land, determined by the relief/ morphology of the land.

49
Q

Renewable

A
  • Primary energy that can be re-used to produce electricity or has a
    short lifetime, therefore any used can be replaced quickly e.g. Hydroelectric,
    biomass, solar.
50
Q

Respiration

A

The process of converting glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide
and energy. Some organisms rely on respiration to survive

51
Q

River Regime

A

The pattern of river discharge over a year.

52
Q

Runoff -

A

Water flowing over the surface of the ground eg. after precipitation or
snowmelt.

53
Q

Salinisation

A

Where salt water contaminates freshwater stores or soils, creating
saline conditions and reducing human use/ consumption.

54
Q

Saltwater Encroachment -

A

The movement of saltwater into freshwater aquifers or
soils. This may be caused by sea level rise, storm surges or over-extraction.

55
Q

Secondary Energy

A

The product of primary energy, mostly electricity.

56
Q

Sequestration

A

The transfer of carbon from the atmosphere to stores elsewhere -
living biosphere, inorganic rocks, etc.

56
Q

Smart Irrigation

A
  • Providing crops with a water supply less than optimal, to make
    crops resistant to water shortages.
57
Q

Storm Hydrograph

A

Variation of river discharge over a short period of time (days).

58
Q

Sublimation

A

The change of state of water from solid to a gas, without being a
liquid.

59
Q

Thermohaline Circulation

A

The movement of volumes of seawater from cold deep
water to warm water surface water.

60
Q

Tipping Point

A

A critical threshold where any changes to a system after the tipping
point are irreversible.

60
Q

Throughflow

A

Water moving horizontally through the soil, due to gravity.

61
Q

Transpiration -

A

The process through which water evaporates through the stomata in
plants’ leaves.

62
Q

Water Budget -

A

The annual balance between inputs and outputs within a system.

62
Q

Urbanisation

A
  • The growth of populations in towns and cities.
63
Q

Water Conservation -

A

Strategies to reduce water usage and demand.

64
Q

Water Recycling

A

The treatment and purification of waste water, to increase supply

65
Q

Water Scarcity

A

There are limited renewable water sources (between 500 and 1000
cubic metres per capita per year).

66
Q

Water Security

A

The ability to protect and access a sustainable source to
adequately meet demand.

67
Q

Water Sharing Treaty

A

International agreements for transboundary sources

68
Q

Water Transfer

A

Hard engineering projects, such as pipelines or aqueducts, that
divert water between basins to meet demand.

69
Q

Watershed -

A

The boundary between neighbouring drainage basins.

Geography key words (5 decks)

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