Water/Acids and Bases (definitions)

Question 1

Acid-Base reactions

Answer 1

donation (transfer) of a proton (H+) from one substance to another

Question 2

precipitation

Answer 2

a precipitate is formed from two aqueous solutions

Question 3

displacement

Answer 3

an element displaces another element from a compound

Question 4

addition

Answer 4

one molecule attaches to another across a DOUBLE BOND

Question 5

decomposition

Answer 5

a substance breaks down into ONE OR MORE smaller parts

Question 6

condensation

Answer 6

produces a small molecule byproduct, usually water

Question 7

redox

Answer 7

donation (transfer) of electrons from one substance to another

Question 8

acid

Answer 8

Species that donates a proton, H+ during an cid base reaction

Question 9

base

Answer 9

species that accepts a proton, H+ in an acid-base reaction

Question 10

alkali

Answer 10

base that is soluble in water (not necessary to memorise but good to distinguish bw)

Question 11

ionisation

Answer 11

process by which a chemical species gains or loses electric charge

Question 12

dissociation

Answer 12

process by which a molecule separates into smaller particles

Question 13

amphiprotic

Answer 13

species that can either donate, or accept a proton H+

Question 14

monoprotic

Answer 14

species that donates one proton (same definition for different prefixes but change number of H+)

Question 15

a strong acid

Answer 15

one that will undergo complete ionisation when added to water. almost all acid molecules will donate a H+ ion to form aqueous solutions

Question 16

strong base

Answer 16

a strong base readily accepts a proton, H+ during an acid-base reaction

Question 17

weak acid

Answer 17

a weak acid does not readily donate protons, H+, in a solution. more reactant molecules present in solution than product of H3O+ ions/H+ ions

Question 18

weak base

Answer 18

a weak base does not readily accept protons, H+, in a solution. more reactant molecules present in solution than product of OH- ions.

Question 19

Ka values - weak acids have ___ values, strong acids have ___ values

Answer 19

• low

- extremely high

Question 20

examples of strong acids/ weak acids

Answer 20

strong: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H2CO3
weak: CH3COOH, NH4

Question 21

examples of strong/weak bases

Answer 21

strong: oxide ion, OH-, HPO4, H-, S2-
weak: NH3, SO4-, CH3COO-, HCO3

GENERALLY THE CONJUGATE WILL BE THE OPP (STRONG ACID, WEAK CONJ BASE)

Question 22

strength vs concentration

Answer 22

strength: proportion of its molecules that will donate a proton (whether the molecule ITSELF) is strong or weak)
concentration: the amount of molecules in a solution (the proportion of solute:solvent) - measured as M or mol/L-1

Question 23

concentration of ions in a solution of water

Answer 23

[OH-] x [H3O+] = 10^-14 M^2

Question 24

using pH of an acid to find [H3O] concentration

Answer 24

[H3O+] = 10^-pH

Question 25

using pH to find the concentration of [OH-] molecules

Answer 25

[OH-] = 10^pH-14

Question 26

acid/base pH

Answer 26

acid - if strong: - log ([H3O+])
- if weak: Ka = [H3O+]^2 / [HA] - HA is acid concentration

base: log ([H3O+]) + 14