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Economic and engineering geology > water > Flashcards

water Flashcards

1
Q

porosity

A

the percentage of pore space that a rock contains

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2
Q

permeability

A

a measure of the rate at which a fluid will flow through the rock

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3
Q

primary porosity

A

the pore space at the time the sediment was deposited

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4
Q

secondary porosity

A

develops after in the rock, and includes cavities or fractures that have formed

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5
Q

effective porosity

A

the total porosity minus any cement and this contributes to fluid flow through the rock

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6
Q

capillary pressure

A

the force which exists across the interface which separates two immiscible fluids

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7
Q

connate water

A

trapped in the pores of a rock as the rock formed

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8
Q

groundwater

A

water occupying pore and other spaces in rocks and sediments which is derived mostly from rainfall percolating into the underlying rock

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9
Q

water table

A

the surface separating unsaturated rock above from the saturated rock below

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10
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

the pressure at a point in a body of water due to the mass of the overlying column of water

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11
Q

hydrostatic gradient

A

the difference in the hydrostatic pressure between two points divided by the distance between them

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12
Q

aquifer

A

a body of porous and permeable rock capable of storing and yielding significant amounts of water

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13
Q

recharge zone

A

the area of an aquifer open to the atmosphere, allowing replenishment of water

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14
Q

artesian basin

A

a large, synclinal confined aquifer under hydrostatic pressure

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15
Q

artesian well

A

holds water under hydrostatic pressure, which rises up the well to the piezometric surface on release

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16
Q

piezometric surface

A

an imaginary surface to which groundwater rises under hydrostatic pressure, to produce springs

17
Q

abstraction

A

the removal of water from any source

18
Q

cone of depression

A

occurs when there is a lowering of the water table in the vicinity of a well, usually due to abstraction of water

19
Q

acid mine drainage

A

water containing toxic metals such as lead and cadmium from abandoned coal and metal mines

20
Q

what are the 3 types of aquifer?

A

unconfined, confined, perched

21
Q

perched aquifer

A

sits above the natural water table but is underlain by e lens of impermeable rock

22
Q

spring

A

occurs where the water table intersects the surface

23
Q

lithological spring

A

Result of a change in rock type. Where a permeable rock overlays an impermeable rock. A spring will occur at the boundary.

24
Q

springs at faults

A

Forms if a fault brings a permeable and impermeable rock together. Pressure causes water to rise up fault line to surface

25
Q

seeps

A

low density hydrocarbons can seep naturally to the surface

26
Q

what are the problems caused by groundwater extraction? x4

A

lowering of the water - cone of depression
subsidence + reduced porosity- water taken out of rock causing it to collapse downwards
saltwater encroachment

27
Q

saltwater encroachment

A

where aquifers are near the coast fresh water sits on top of see water as it less dense. Pumping can disturb this and cause them to mix

28
Q

what are the 2 main threats to groundwater supply?

A

over pumping

pollution

29
Q

why does some groundwater not need treatment?

A

pore space acts as a natural filter to groundwater, removing chemical impurities

30
Q

name 4 sources of pollution

A

nitrates and pesticides
hydrocarbons and solvents
toxic fluids from landfill waste
Acid Mine Drainage

31
Q

factors affecting porosity x4

A

degree of sorting
amount of diagenesis
grain shape
packing of grains

32
Q

factors affecting permeability

A

porosity
temperature
secondary permeability capillary pressures

Economic and engineering geology (7 decks)

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