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Foundation to Bioscience 1 > Water > Flashcards

Water Flashcards

1
Q

Define solubility

A

A substance’s relative capability of being dissolved.

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2
Q

Define dissociation

A

The splitting up of a salt by water to form the separate ions

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3
Q

Define electrolyte

A

The ions dissolved in the water in the body

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4
Q

What are the most important electrolytes? (5)

A 
Sodium
Potassium 
Calcium 
Chloride 
Magnesium
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5
Q

Why must the correct concentration of electrolytes be maintained?

A

An imbalance of electrolytes causes severe illness or death

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6
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

When the salt concentration is too low

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7
Q

What is hypernatrenia?

A

When the salt concentration is too high

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8
Q

What often causes hypernatrenia?

A

Dehydration

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9
Q

Define osmolarity

A

The concentration of electrolytes (might be different to the concentration of the dissolved salt)

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10
Q

What is the intermolecular force that occurs between water molecules?

A

Hydrogen bonding

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11
Q

Why can water molecules hydrogen bond to each other?

A

The oxygen atom is more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms, so is slightly negative (𝛿-). Hydrogen atoms (𝛿+) associate with the oxygen atom on another molecule.

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12
Q

What properties does hydrogen bonding give water?

A
  • Ice is less dense than water, meaning ice can float

- Water has a very high melting and boiling point for its size

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13
Q

Why is the fact that ice is less dense that water essential for life on Earth?

A

Polar ice-caps insulate the water beneath them, keeping it liquid. Otherwise most water on Earth would be ice

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14
Q

Why is water’s high melting and boiling point essential for life on Earth?

A

It means that life can exist at the Earth’s temperature

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15
Q

What other element can take part in hydrogen bonding?

A 
Nitrogen:
N-H .... N
N-H .... O
O-H .... O
O-H .... N
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16
Q

Which other biological molecules does hydrogen bonding occur in?

A

Complementary base pairing in DNA requires H-bonds. H-bonds form the secondary structure of proteins.

17
Q

Why can polar molecules dissolve in water?

A

They are able to make hydrogen bonds with water, making them hydrophilic

18
Q

Why are non-polar molecules unable to dissolve in water?

A

They don’t contain electronegative atoms, so they can’t form hydrogen bonds with water.

19
Q

Describe the hydrophobic effect

A

In order to minimise interactions with water, hydrophobic molecules tend to stick together in solution.

20
Q

Why is the hydrophobic effect useful?

A

It’s important in forming the structure of biological membranes and proteins

21
Q

Why are ions able to dissolve in water?

A

They form electrostatic interactions with the dipoles in water

22
Q

How does [Na+] inside cells compare to outside cells?

A

[Na+] is higher outside cells than inside cells

23
Q

How does [K+] inside cells compare to outside cells?

A

[K+] is higher inside cells than outside cells

24
Q

Where is [Ca2+] very low?

A

In the cytosol of cells

25
Q

Where is [Ca2+] high?

A

Inside the endoplasmic reticulum

26
Q

The human body is what percent water?

A

50-70%

27
Q

What proportion of the total body weight is intracellular water?

A

40% (about 25 litres)

28
Q

What proportion of the total body weight is extracellular water?

A

20% (about 15 litres)

29
Q

What are the different components of extracellular water?

A

Interstitial water (about 12 litres), blood plasma (about 3 litres), and transcellular water (about 1.5 litres)

30
Q

What is interstitial water/fluid?

A

The solution that bathes and surrounds the tissue cells of animals

31
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

The liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension

32
Q

What is dissolved in the blood plasma?

A

Proteins, glucose, clotting factors, electrolytes, hormones, carbon dioxide, and oxygen

33
Q

What is transcellular water/fluid?

A

The portion of total body water contained within epithelial lined spaces

Foundation to Bioscience 1 (8 decks)

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