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Prelim Chemistry > Water > Flashcards

Water Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe water’s abilities as a solvent.

A

It is capable of dissolving almost all ionic or polar substances, making it an almost universal solvent.

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2
Q

What is the importance of water’s solvency?

A

It allows biochemical reactions to take place easier, and can be used to transport nutrients in living organisms.

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3
Q

Compare the abundance of water in each of the Earth’s spheres.

A

Hydrosphere - 99.4%
Lithosphere - 0.6%
Atmosphere - 0.001%
Biosphere - 0.0001%

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4
Q

Compare the states that water is found in each of the Earth’s spheres.

A

Hydrosphere - Liquid, Solid
Lithosphere - Liquid
Atmosphere - Liquid, Solid, Gas
Biosphere - Liquid

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5
Q

State five reasons that water is significant.

A

It is a solvent for chemical reactions.
It transports nutrients in living organisms.
It regulates heat within organisms and environments.
It is an agent of weathering and erosion.
It is a natural resource for cooking, cleaning and farming.

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6
Q

Explain why ice floats on water.

A

Ice is less dense than water because it has a tetrahedral structure between its water molecules, forcing the molecules further apart than when they flow freely as a liquid.

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7
Q

Explain the effect of anti-freeze and salt on water.

A

Anti-freeze and salt both lower the freezing point and increase the boiling point of water.
They are both highly polar, making them attracted to the water molecules.
This increases the forces between the molecules, which prevents it from expanding into a solid or gas.

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8
Q

Describe the molecular structure of water, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and methane.

A

Water and hydrogen sulfide both have two hydrogen extending from either an oxygen or sulfur atom in a bent structure.
Ammonia has a pyramidal structure, with three hydrogens extending down from a nitrogen atom.
Methane has a tetrahedral structure, with four hydrogens extending from a carbon atom.

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9
Q

Identify what type of force impacts the melting and boiling point of an atom.

A

Intermolecular forces.

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10
Q

List the three types of intermolecular forces, from weakest to strongest.

A

Dispersion Forces
Dipole-Dipole Forces
Hydrogen Bonds

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11
Q

Explain why water has such a high melting and boiling point than ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and methane.

A

Water has much higher intermolecular forces, because each molecule can form two hydrogen bonds with other molecules, as it has two hydrogens and two lone pairs.
Ammonia can form hydrogen bonds, but only one per molecule, because it only has one lone pair despite three hydrogens.

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12
Q

List the five main types of molecular shape.

A 
Linear
V-Shaped/Bent
Triangular Planar
Tetrahedral
Pyramidal
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13
Q

When drawing molecular diagrams that demonstrate polarity, what must you add?

A

Arrows leading from the less to the more electronegative atoms in each bond.
Negative dipole symbols where the arrows are pointing.
Positive dipole symbols where the arrows originate.

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14
Q

What symbols are used to demonstrate a dipole-dipole bond?

A

H-Cl—–H-Cl

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15
Q

What symbols are used to demonstrate a hydrogen bond?

A 
H
  \
   O IIIIIIIIIIIII H---O
  /                          \
H                           H
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16
Q

What is the relationship between a solvent and a solute?

A

A solute is dissolved in a solvent in solution.

16
Q

Identify the symbols used to demonstrate dispersion forces.

A

H-H—–H-H

18
Q

Explain water’s high viscosity and surface tension.

A

Because of its strong intermolecular forces, water molecules have strong cohesion to each other, leading a resistance to flow, or high viscosity.
They also have high adhesion to surfaces, and strong cohesion along the water’s surface, resulting in high surface tension.

19
Q

What does water dissolve, and why?

A

Polar substances, because it is polar.

Like dissolves like.

20
Q

What types of molecules does water usually dissolve?

A

Ionic and polar covalent molecules.

21
Q

What types of molecules does water not usually dissolve?

A

Non-polar covalent, covalent network and macromolecules.

22
Q

What is dissolution?

A

When ions are dispersed in a solvent.

23
Q

What is ionisation?

A

When covalent molecules react with water to form ions in solution.

24
Q

What three types of ionic compounds are always soluble?

A

Nitrates
Acetates
Group 1 and NH4 compounds

25
Q

What three types of compounds are always insoluble?

A

Sulfites
Carbonates
Phosphates

26
Q

What types of compounds are usually soluble, and when aren’t they?

A

Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides
PbAg

Sulfates
PbAg and BaSrCa

27
Q

What types of compounds are usually insoluble, and when aren’t they?

A

Oxides, Hydroxides
BaSrCa

Sulfides
Group 2

28
Q

What steps must you take to turn a chemical equation into a net ionic equation?

A

Balance the equation
Separate the aqueous substances into ions
Remove the spectator ions

29
Q

What is it called when two reversible reactions are occurring at the same rate?

A

Dynamic equilibrium.

30
Q

When is a saturated solution formed?

A

When a maximum amount of solute is dissolved in a solvent.

31
Q

In saturated solutions, what is the relation between the dissolved solid and the undissolved solid?

A

They are in dynamic equilibrium.

32
Q

Define molarity.

A

A measurement of moles of solute per litre of solvent in a solution.

33
Q

Why are measurements of concentration important?

A

High concentrations of certain substances are poisonous to living things.

34
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

The amount of heat required to raise the heat of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Kelvin.

35
Q

Compare water’s heat capacity to the heat capacity of other solvents.

A

Water has a high heat capacity in comparison to other solvents.

36
Q

What is the equation used to calculate change in enthalpy?

A

Change in H = mC x change in T

H = mCAT

37
Q

Compare endothermic and exothermic reactions.

A

In endothermic reactions, heat is absorbed and m is positive.
In exothermic reactions, heat is released and m is negative.

38
Q

How do you remember whether m is positive or negative?

A

Nexothe-lia

Pendothe-lia

39
Q

Explain thermal pollution and its effect on marine life.

A

Thermal pollution is when hot water (used as a coolant) from factories is pumped into a marine ecosystem.
Marine life are used to living within a relatively small temperature range due to water’s high heat capacity.
If thermal pollution heats the water enough, fish will suffocate due to a lack of dissolved oxygen and their breeding cycles will be interrupted.

Prelim Chemistry (3 decks)

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