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IB Biology > Water > Flashcards

Water Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is one of water’s function?

A

Water as a medium for life.

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2
Q

How were the first cells evolved? where?

A

-evolved in a watery environment.
-believed to have been in the deep oceans, close to hydrothermal vents in the Earth’s crust.
-some water and solutes got trapped within a membrane.
-chemical reactions began occurring within the membrane-bound structure.
:led to the evolution of cells.

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3
Q

What does water in its liquid state allow?

A

Water in its liquid state allows dissolved molecules to move around, so they are easily able to collide and react with each other.

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4
Q

where do most life processes occur?

A

most life processes occur in water.

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5
Q

what are the key functions of hydrogen bonds?

A

-dissolving of solutes in water.
-cohesion and adhesion of water molecules as these allow water to move up the trunk of tall trees.
-base-pairing between the two strands of DNA.

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6
Q

what is the structure of hydrogen bonds helpful for?

A

the structure of hydrogen bonds help to form part of the secondary and tertiary levels of structure in proteins.

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7
Q

if the hydrogen bonds are found between strands of cellulose and collagen what do they do?

A

the hydrogen bonds give those molecules their tensile strength.

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8
Q

what is a fundamental property of water?

A

hydrogen bonding is a fundamental property of water.

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9
Q

what is the medium in which all metabolic reactions take place in cells?

A

water.

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10
Q

what is water composed of?

A

water is composed of atoms of hydrogen and oxygen.
-one atom of oxygen combines with two atoms of hydrogen sharing electrons through covalent bonding.

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11
Q

despite water being electrically neutral, what is uneven between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms? why?

A

the sharing of the electrons is uneven between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
-the oxygen atom attracts the electrons more strongly than the hydrogen atoms, resulting gin a weak negatively charged region on the oxygen tom and a weak positively charged region on the hydrogen atom. This also results in the molecules asymmetrical shape.

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12
Q

what is a dipole?

A

a dipole is when there is a separation of charge due to the electrons in the covalent bonds being unevenly shared.

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13
Q

what is a polar molecule?

A

a polar molecule is one that has one end that is negatively charged and one end that is positively charged.

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14
Q

what is water? (molecule)

A

water is a polar molecule.

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15
Q

why do hydrogen bonds form between water molecules?

A

hydrogen bonds form between water molecules as a result of the polarity of water.
-hydrogen bonds form between the positive and negatively charged regions of adjacent water molecules.

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16
Q

what happens because of the weak state of hydrogen bonds when there are few?

A

hydrogen bonds are weak, so when there few, they are constantly breaking and reforming.

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17
Q

what causes many of the properties of water molecules that make them so important to living organisms?

A

hydrogen bonds.

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18
Q

what is cohesion?

A

cohesion is the ability of like molecules to stick together.

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19
Q

what causes strong cohesion between water molecules?

A

hydrogen bonds within water molecules allow for strong cohesion between water molecules.

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20
Q

what does cohesion allow?

A

cohesion allows columns of water to move under tension through the xylem of plants.
cohesion also enables surface tension where a body of water meets the air, as these hydrogen bond occur between the top layer of water molecules to create a sort of film on the body of water. (allows pond skaters to move across the surface of water)

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21
Q

what is adhesion?

A

adhesion is the ability of dissimilar molecules to stick together.

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22
Q

how can water bond via hydrogen atoms to other molecules which are polar or charged?

A

water is able to bond via hydrogen atoms to other molecules which are polar or charged (e.g. cellulose) through adhesion.

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23
Q

what does adhesion allow in the xylem?

A

adhesion enables water to move up the xylem during transpiration.

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24
Q

what is capillary action?

A

capillary action is when water is drawn up narrow channels in soil called capillary tubes.

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25
Q

what structure allows water to be drawn from xylem vessels by capillary action and allow water to flow through plant tissue?

A

the spaces between cellulose fibres in plant cell walls can draw water from xylem vessels by capillary action and allow water to flow through plant tissue.

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26
Q

what is hydrophilic?

A

water-loving

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27
Q

what is hydrophobic?

A

water-hating

28
Q

what molecules tend to be hydrophilic?

A

polar molecules and molecules with positive or negative charges can form hydrogen bonds with water (and dissolve) so are generally hydrophilic.

29
Q

what molecules tend to be hydrophobic?

A

non-polar molecules with no positive or negative charge cannot form hydrogen bonds with water so are generally hydrophobic.

30
Q

why is water regarded as the universal solvent?

A

water is regarded as the universal solvent as most biological molecules are hydrophobic and can be dissolved;

31
Q

what do hydrophobic molecules tend to do?

A

hydrophobic molecules tend to join together in groups due to hydrophobic interactions where hydrogen bonds form between water particles but not with the non-polar molecule.

32
Q

what affects solutes’ solubility in water?

A

different solutes have different hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties which affect their solubility in water.

33
Q

what can highly soluble molecules be?

A

highly soluble molecules can be easily transported in solution within organisms.
-salts, glucose and amino acids.

34
Q

what has evolved to assist in the transportation of the less soluble molecules?

A

different transport mechanisms.

35
Q

what type of molecules cannot dissolve in water?

A

non-polar and hydrophobic molecules cannot dissolve in water.

36
Q

what does the function of certain molecules depend on?

A

the function of certain molecules in cells depend on them being hydrophobic and insoluble.

37
Q

how does a low solubility molecule such as oxygen require assistance?

A

oxygen requires assistance through combining with haemoglobin, to allow more oxygen to be carried than directly in blood plasma.

38
Q

how is oxygen sparingly soluble?

A

oxygen is sparingly soluble but soluble enough to allow it to dissolve in oceans, rivers and lakes for aquatic animals to breathe.

39
Q

how does haemoglobin bind to oxygen?

A

haemoglobin binds to oxygen to allow sufficient oxygen to be transported to all body cells.

40
Q

why do most enzymes require water? what does this enable them to do?

A

most enzymes require water in order to hold its shape and improve it stability. This enables them to catalyse reactions in aqueous solutions.

41
Q

what do hydrogen bonds often facilitate for enzymes?

A

hydrogen bonds often facilitate the binding of the enzyme active site and its substrate molecule forming the enzyme substrate complex.

42
Q

what is specific heat capacity?

A

specific heat capacity is a measure of the energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1°C.

43
Q

what is the specific heat capacity of water?

A

water has a high specific heat capacity 4200J/kg/°C.

44
Q

what is the specific heat capacity of oxygen?

A

oxygen has a lower specific heat capacity of 1000J/kg/°C.

45
Q

what does the high specific heat capacity of water mean?

A

it means that a relatively large amount of energy is required to raise its temperature.

46
Q

what causes a high specific heat capacity?

A

the specific heat capacity is due to the many hydrogen bonds present in water. It takes a lot of thermal energy to break these bonds and a lot of energy to build them, thus the temperature of water does not fluctuate greatly.

47
Q

advantages of living organisms of specific heat capacity of water?

A

-provides suitable, stable aquatic habitats since water temps will change more slowly than air temps.
-is able to maintain a constant temperature as water is able to absorb a lot of heat without wide temperature fluctuations (vital for enzyme activity).

48
Q

how can the ringed seal survive throughout the year?

A

the ringed seal is able to survive throughout the year due to stable sea temperatures.

49
Q

why does ice float on water?

A

ice floats on water because the density of ice is lower than the density of liquid water.

50
Q

what forms a habitat for the seals?

A

the fact that ice floats on water forms a habitat for the seals both on the floating ice sheets as well as below the ice due to the stable sea temps.

51
Q

what is thermal conductivity?

A

thermal conductivity refers to the ability of a substance to conduct heat.

52
Q

what makes air a good insulator for organisms living in colder climates?

A

The thermal conductivity of water is almost 30 times higher than that of air, which makes air a very good insulator for organisms living in colder climates.

53
Q

what is the black-throated loon?

A

a species of diving bird which spends much time underwater catching its prey.

54
Q

how does the black-throated loon use thermal conductivity?

A

the black-throated loon has feathers that trap an insulating layer of air, which assists them with regulating their body temperature.

55
Q

what does the seal rely on to insulate it from outside air?

A

the seal relies on a layer of fat called blubber to insulate it from the outside air.

56
Q

how does ice form an insulating layer above the water?

A

ice will form an insulating layer above the water since the thermal conductivity of ice is much lower than liquid water. This increases the sea temp below the ice as thermal energy is trapped.

57
Q

what is buoyancy?

A

buoyancy refers to the ability of an object to float in water.

58
Q

how does the black-throated loon overcome the problem of buoyancy?

A

the black-throated loon has solid bones, unlike the hollow bones that most birds species have to assist them with flight. This increases the weight of the bird and compresses air out of the lungs and feather during a dive.

59
Q

how does the ringed seal’s layer of blubber under its skin improve buoyancy?

A

the ringed seal’s layer of blubber under its skin improve buoyancy of the animal, along with providing a layer of insulation against the cold temperatures of its habitat.

60
Q

what is viscosity?

A

viscosity refers to the resistance of a fluid to flow.

61
Q

what is the viscosity of water in comparison to air?

A

the viscosity of water is much higher than air.

62
Q

what allows for the black-throated loon to fly through the air without much friction?

A

the black-throated loon can fly throat the air without much friction because the viscosity of water is much higher than air.

63
Q

how does the body shape of the loon and seal help them?

A

the body shapes makes it easy for them to move through water.

64
Q

how is the seal adapted for movement through water?

A

the seal has flippers to propel itself.

65
Q

how is the loon adapted for movement through water?

A

the loon uses its webbed feet to push against the water and the lateral location of its feet reduces drag as it moves through water.

IB Biology (8 decks)

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