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APES > Water > Flashcards

Water Flashcards

0
Q

SEEP (SPRING)

A

Area where water table is at the surface and groundwater flows freely

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1
Q

PARTS OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

A

Precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, runoff, infiltration, deep percolation, groundwater movement

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2
Q

Water moving upward in soil by clinging together to H bonds

A

CAPILLARY ACTION

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3
Q

Area within a drainage basin, area do land that drains into same body of water

A

WATERSHED

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4
Q

Levees, dams, channelization of rivers

A

MEANS TO REDUCE FLOODING

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5
Q

Any water-bearing layer in the ground

A

AQUIFER

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6
Q

Upper limit of groundwater, near surface in wetland, may be deep in other areas

A

WATER TABLE

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7
Q

Soil saturated with water (groundwater), upper limit called water table

A

SATURATED ZONE

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8
Q

Lowering of the water table around a pumping well

A

CONE OF DEPRESSION

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9
Q

Dry area of soil above the water table

A

VADOSE ZONE

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10
Q

Water flows freely to the surface

A

ARTESIAN WELL

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11
Q

Areas where large amounts of water infiltrate/percolate to recharge aquifer

A

RECHARGE ZONES

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12
Q

Withdraw groundwater faster than it is replenished, may result in subsidence of buildings, saltwater intrusions (seawater moves into aquifers near the coast), drying up of wells

A

GROUNDWATER OVERDRAFT

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13
Q

Hard to clean up as groundwater moves slowly (pollution does not “wash up”

A

GROUNDWATER POLLUTION

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14
Q

In arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind

A

SALINIZATION OF SOIL

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15
Q

Salt water enters aquifers and makes groundwater salty

A

SALT WATER INTRUSION

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16
Q

Instream (use within river, hydroelectric, fishing, recreation) vs. offstream (remove to use, irrigation, human consumption)

A

WATER USE

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17
Q

Water if consumed/degraded (drinking, agriculture)

A

CONSUMPTIVE WATER USE

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18
Q

Water still fit for other uses (recreation)

A

NON-CONSUMPTIVE WATER USE

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19
Q

Pollution, flooding, primary use= industry and energy production

A

WATER PROBLEMS AND USE, EASTERN US

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20
Q

Drought, primary use= agriculture

A

WATER PROBLEMS AND USE, WESTERN US

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21
Q

Dams/reservoirs, water Transfer projects desalination remove salt from Water, easiest = improve efficiency of use (drip irrigation, fix leaks, graywater system with two sets of pipes (toilet to sewer, Sink drains to water yard) low flow toilets and shower heads)

A

MEANS TO INCREASE WATER SUPPLY

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22
Q

Block fish passage, less soil/nutrients transported to downstream areas (crop harvests down), large human costs (China and displaced people due to Three Gorges Dam)

A

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH DAMS

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23
Q

Cost, use reverse osmosis, distillation

A

PROBLEM WITH DESALINATION

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24
Q

Straightening of river channels to increase water flow (get water through faster to reduce flood problems)

A

CHANNELIZATION

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25
Q

Shrinking due to water diversions, fish extinctions, human health impacts due to exposure to toxics previously trapped in lake bottom

A

ARAL SEA

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26
Q

Microscopic plants ( phytoplankton) and animals ( zooplankton)

A

PLANKTON

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27
Q

Littoral, limnetic (photic), profundal (aphotic), benthic

A

LAKE ZONES

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28
Q

Standing body of water (pond, lake)

A

LENTIC

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29
Q

Flowing body of water (river, stream)

A

LOTIC

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30
Q

Based on nutrient content/age: oligotrophic (few nutrients, low productivity, young lake in terms of lake succession), mesotrophic (middle), eutrophic (lots of nutrients, high productivity, old lake in terms of lake succession)

A

LAKE TYPES

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31
Q

Rapid algal growth caused by an excess of N & P, a natural process accelerated by humans adding nutrients when fertilizer is in runoff, sewage, etc. (artificial/cultural eutrophication human)

A

EUTROPHICATION

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32
Q

Explosive growth of algae causing water clarity to decrease, result from addition of nutrients (typically N and P)

A

ALGAL BLOOM

33
Q

Epilimnion on top, thermocline divides, hypolimnion on bottom – in summer, lake stratifies, epilimnion is warm but low in nutrient, hypolimnion is high in nutrients but low in DO as it does not mix with epilimnion due to thermocline - mixes completely in spring and fall, in winter it stratifies again, ice on top

A

LAKE ZONATION, AND CYCLING

34
Q

Streams shift back and forth in Rheir flood plains, sometimes they carve a new course and cut off a section and an oxbow lake forms

A

STREAM/RIVER MIGRATION

35
Q

Where river meets sea (also where stream meets lake), open estuary, salt water on bottom, fresh river water flows on top, tides cause nutrients to get caught up and mix, highly productive, nursery for many fish

A

ESTUARIES

36
Q

Refers to a river or lake, example= riparian vegetation is vegetation along a river/lake

A

RIPARIAN

37
Q

Trap nutrients and sediment from entering lakes, reduce flooding by absorbing water, important breeding grounds for species, now require 404 Permit from Army Corps to fill

A

WETLANDS

38
Q

Sediment moving along a riverbed due to the flow of water

A

BEDLOAD

39
Q

Sediment carried in suspension in water column in river

A

SUSPENDED LOAD

40
Q

Pertains to the bottom

A

BENTHIC

41
Q

Two high and two low daily

A

OCEAN TIDES

42
Q

Coastal zones and open ocean (contains most water but only 10% of species), open ocean habitats include euphotic, bathyal, and abyssal

A

OCEAN HABITATS

43
Q

Require warm clear water to form

A

CORAL REEFS

44
Q

Protect mainland by citing as a buffer for storms

A

BARRIER ISLANDS

45
Q

Cold water can hold more oxygen than warm water

A

DO AND TEMPERATURE

46
Q

PPM (mg/l)

A

MEASURE DO IN

47
Q

Photosynthesis by plants, contact with air (riffles, waterfalls)

A

OXYGEN ENTERS WATERE THROUGH

48
Q

Adding oxygen to water or soil

A

AERATION

49
Q

Limiting Nutrients

A

IF NITROGEN/PHOSPHORUS ARE PRESENT IN ONLY SMALL AMOUNTS, THEY MAY BE

50
Q

Measure of H ionic concentration, less than 7=acidic

A

pH

51
Q

Refers to substances dissolved in water, influences pH (alkaline refers to pH above 7)

A

ALKALINITY

52
Q

Water containing high amounts of minerals (mostly calcium carbonate), level deposits on faucets, etc.

A

HARD WATER

53
Q

Ability of water to resist changes in pH, if high usually indicates presence of calcium carbonate

A

BUFFERING CAPACITY

54
Q

Contain low amounts of calcium, magnesium, etc.

A

SOFT WATER

55
Q

Replaces calcium and magnesium ions in water

A

WATER SOFTENER

56
Q

Measurement of water clarity (if turbid, looks cloudy, possibly due to plankton/algae or sediment), measure with turbidity meter, get rough estimate using secci disk

A

TURBIDITY

57
Q

Round disk lowered into water body to measure water clarity

A

SECCI DISK

58
Q

Parts per million

A

PPM

59
Q

Parts per billion

A

PPB

60
Q

Removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards

A

LEACHING

61
Q

From a specific, identifiable location

A

POINT SOURCE

62
Q

From overran area such as runoff from farms, hard to control

A

NON-POINT SOURCE

63
Q

Require oxygen for bacteria to decompose, a BOD results from their presence, high BOD leads to fish kills (not enough oxygen)

A

OXYGEN DEMANDING WASTE

64
Q

Biological Oxygen Demand, amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic decomposers to break down organic materials (high BOD in a lake/river indicates organic pollution/sewage)

A

BOD

65
Q

Plot of oxygen concentration after an oxygen demanding waste enters a stream (zones = clean zone, polluted zone, active decompositions zone, recovery zone, and clean zone)

A

OXYGEN LAG CURVE

66
Q

Condition in aquatic system where DO is so low life can’t be supported

A

HYPOXIA

67
Q

Disease causing agents (virus, bacteria)

A

PATHOGEN

68
Q

Bacteria whose presence indicates the presence of feces

A

E.COLI

69
Q

Typically low pH, low pH frees toxic metals from rocks and soil

A

MINE DRAINAGE

70
Q

Buries aquatic organisms and fish spawning areas, discolors water, and fills in reservoirs

A

SEDIMENT POLLUTION

71
Q

Increased water temperature lowers amount of DO in water, fish suffocate

A

THERMAL POLLUTION (HEAT)

72
Q

Tank and leach lines (water purifies as it leaches through soil, may contaminate groundwater), use for homes in rural areas

A

SEPTIC TANK

73
Q

Organic material removed from sewage

A

BIOSOLIDS

74
Q

Sludge (organic material) which has been treated to make no hazardous

A

TREATED SLUDGE

75
Q

Microorganism

A

MICROBE

76
Q

Advanced stage found at some wastewater treatment plants, designed to remove specific pollutants (activated carbon for organic pesticides, reverse osmosis for most things)

A

TERTIARY TREATMENT

77
Q

Purify water through boiling/recondensing as water

A

DISTILLATION

78
Q

Water suitable for drinking

A

PORTABLE WATER

79
Q

Add chlorine to disinfect (kill bacteria) in drinking water or sewage effluent

A

CHLORINATION

80
Q

Typically biological, use wetlands as natural sponge to remove nutrients, sediments, etc.

A

ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT

APES (1 decks)

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