watchkeeping full Flashcards
Why do you have 3 thrusters instead of one big one?
better maouverability and redundancy
Advantages of high voltage
requires less current when voltage is higher. this reduces resistance allowing for thinner wire to be used and saves energy
High voltage sanctions
high voltage sanctions are essentially permits to work from an authorised person to allow work on isolated hv equipment
PPE to work on high voltage stuff
gloves, insulated boots, goggles/faceshirld, boilersuit. Hard hat depending on location
Draw me a rectifier
uses diodes in wheatstone bridge type formation to convert ac to dc
Draw me a circuit showing rectification from AC to DC
Draw me a zenor diode
What batteries did you have on your lifeboat?
lead acid
What else did you have to help start your lifeboat?
2 seperate battery banks to start from. could also have a manual start method with handcrank
Maintenance on batteries
check case for any signs of wear or damage.
top up electrolyte levels.
check terminals for damage and wear. check for any signs of leaks. check all wires are in good condition.
always use insulated tools and ensure correct ppe is worn
What material are battery terminals made of lifeboat
Lifeboat battery terminals are typically made from lead or lead alloys, similar to those used in most automotive and marine batteries. Lead is chosen for its excellent conductivity, corrosion resistance (especially in harsh marine environments), and ability to withstand the chemical reactions that occur within a battery. In some cases, the terminals may also be coated or mixed with other metals like tin or calcium to enhance durability and performance.
Causes of high exhaust temp
Excess Fuel Supply: Over-fueling due to faulty injectors (e.g., enlarged nozzle holes from wear) or a malfunctioning fuel pump can lead to incomplete combustion, with excess fuel burning in the exhaust system, raising temperatures.
Poor Fuel Quality: Low-quality or improperly treated fuel (e.g., heavy fuel oil with high viscosity or contaminants) can burn inefficiently, increasing exhaust heat. Inadequate fuel purification exacerbates this.
Insufficient Air Supply: Restricted airflow from clogged air filters, fouled turbocharger components (e.g., nozzle ring or turbine blades), or a dirty charge air cooler reduces oxygen availability, leading to incomplete combustion and hotter exhaust gases.
Exhaust Valve Issues: Leaking or worn exhaust valves allow combustion gases to escape prematurely into the exhaust manifold, where they continue burning, elevating temperatures.
Turbocharger Problems: A fouled or damaged turbocharger reduces boost pressure, limiting air intake and causing richer combustion mixtures that increase exhaust heat. Excessive backpressure from blockages can also contribute.
Increased Engine Load: Overloading from hull fouling, damaged propellers, or operational demands forces the engine to work harder, generating more heat in the exhaust.
Incorrect Timing: Improper fuel injection or valve timing (e.g., delayed injection) shifts combustion later in the cycle, pushing unburnt fuel into the exhaust, where it burns and raises temperatures.
Scavenge Air Issues: Leaks or blockages in the scavenge air system (e.g., fouled ports or cooler) reduce the air available for combustion, leading to higher exhaust temperatures.
Afterburning or Scavenge Fire: Unburnt fuel or oil in the exhaust manifold or scavenge space can ignite, significantly increasing exhaust heat.
Instrumentation Error: Faulty temperature sensors or pyrometers might falsely indicate high exhaust temperatures, so verification is key.
Where would you record changing an injector
engine log and nox technical file
What’s your PMS system
planned maintenance system
What would you do if high and rising bilge alarm
acknowledge alarm
locate bilge and check level.
determine if there is flood condition
open valve for bilge well in alarm. ensure correct lineup of vavles from bilge to bilge holding tank through pump.
sound bilge holding tank
start pumping operation
once bilge holding tank is empty, stop the pump. record volume transferred
close bilge well valve
What is SMS
a formal, organization-wide approach to managing safety risks, including procedures, practices, and policies, ensuring the safe operation of vessels and protecting the marine environment.
What documents do we have that come under SMS
emergency procedures
engineering sops
reporting procedures
detail of designated person ashore
ducument of compliance
Marpol chapters
oh no, here she goes again
What goes in your oil record book
Discharges of oil or oily mixtures from machinery space.
Transfer of oil or oily mixtures within the vessel.
Operations related to oil filtering equipment.
Bunkering operations.
Any failures of oil filtering equipment or oil discharge monitoring and control systems.]
Tank number, location, type of oil, description of operation, and quantity.
Time and date of the operation.
Place or position of the ship at the time of the operation.
Circumstances of discharge or escape, the reasons there for and general remarks.
What equipment do we have onboard under marpol annex one
oil water seperator
NOX and SOX limits
nox varies depending on engine type. sox is 0.5% and 0.1% by mass in eca
How scrubbers work
spraying water on exhaust gas. low temperatuire condenses sulper
What would you do with cooking oil a chef gave you to dispose of in engine room
hold in sealed metal buckets until discharge is possible to shoreside waste facility
Asked about what caused high exhaust temp in one cylinder and how this correlated to indication cards.
High exhaust temperature in one cylinder of an internal combustion engine typically indicates an issue with combustion or engine operation specific to that cylinder. This can stem from several potential causes, and its correlation to indicator cards (pressure-volume or pressure-time diagrams from an engine cylinder) can provide diagnostic clues. Here’s an explanation:
Causes of High Exhaust Temperature in One Cylinder
Lean Fuel-Air Mixture:
If the air-fuel mixture is too lean (excess air, insufficient fuel), combustion burns hotter and slower, increasing exhaust gas temperature (EGT). This might result from a clogged injector, fuel delivery issue, or intake air imbalance.
Indicator Card Correlation: A lean mixture often shows a delayed peak pressure (shifted toward the exhaust stroke) and a lower maximum pressure due to incomplete combustion.
Overfueling (Rich Mixture):
Excess fuel can lead to prolonged combustion into the exhaust stroke, raising EGT. This might occur due to a faulty injector dumping too much fuel.
Indicator Card Correlation: You’d see a higher-than-normal peak pressure, potentially with a “tail” of pressure extending later in the cycle, indicating late burning.
Ignition or Injection Timing Issues:
If ignition (in spark-ignition engines) or injection (in diesel engines) occurs too late, combustion extends into the exhaust phase, elevating EGT.
Indicator Card Correlation: Late timing shifts the peak pressure further from top dead center (TDC), reducing efficiency and showing a delayed pressure rise.
Valve Malfunction:
A leaking or stuck exhaust valve prevents proper sealing, allowing hot combustion gases to escape prematurely or backflow, raising EGT. Alternatively, poor intake valve operation can disrupt the air-fuel charge.
Indicator Card Correlation: A leaking exhaust valve might show reduced peak pressure and an abnormal pressure drop during the expansion stroke.
Asked about exhaust valve passing and how you would detect it
audible hissing coming from engine
excessive exhaust smoke
high exhaust gas temperatures
when engine stopped can do leak down test
excess vibration
conduct compression test
Asked about lube oil and how contaminants get into it
lube functions
lubrication
cooling
neutralization
cleans
additives
detergent
calcium carbonate for tbn
anti oxidant
anti foaming
Contaminants from external sources
Contaminants from internal sources
Contaminants created by human interaction
Asked about boiler water tests
ph test
chlorides test
total hardness
total dissolved solids
phosphates
What to check on the boiler
Boiler water level
Check flame for correct air fuel mix
Check safety valves not lifting
Check fan is operating
Boiler water high chloride level what to do
retest
contact chief engineer to inform of high chlorides
changeover condenser if possible
when possible, gradually blowdown boiler and refill
re test
identify and fix leak in broken condenser
Asked how to get rid of sludge
burnt in incinerator
What was on a bunker deliver note
Vessel Information:
Name of the receiving vessel
International Maritime Organization (IMO) number of the vessel
Bunkering Information:
Port of bunkering
Date of commencement of delivery
Supplier Information:
Name, address, and telephone number of the fuel oil supplier
Fuel Oil Information:
Delivered product name(s) (e.g., fuel oil grade)
Quantity in metric tons
Density at 15 degrees Celsius
Sulfur content (as per MARPOL regulations)
Flashpoint: (mandatory from May 1st 2024)
If flashpoint is below 70°C, the BDN must state a specific flashpoint value
Otherwise, a statement that the flashpoint has been measured at or above 70°C
Other Information:
Barge name (if applicable)
Signature of the fuel oil supplier’s representative and the ship’s chief engineer
Notes
Seal numbers of bunker samples
Asked about solas
safety of life at sea
mimum standards for construction, equipment andf operation of ships related to their safety
Asked about the ism documents and pms
provides internation standards for safe management procedures and pollution prevention
Asked about scrubber system types and how they work
Open-Loop: Use seawater for cleaning, discharging the treated water directly into the environment.
Closed-Loop: Use freshwater treated with chemical solutions, recirculating the water for cleaning.
Hybrid: Combine open and closed loop capabilities, offering flexibility based on operational needs and regulations.
Spray Dry Flue Gas Desulfurization: Atomizes a slurry of sorbent and water into the flue gas stream, where the water evaporates, leaving behind dry particles that react with pollutants.
Asked about differences between 2 and 4 stroke engine
2 stroke has connecting rod and crosshead as long stroke means it would bash into side of crank case if it didnt. 4 strok has longer piston skirt
4 stroke splash lubrication up through conrod to gudgeon pin
Asked about watertight integrity
Watertight integrity in maritime refers to a vessel’s ability to prevent water from entering the hull, crucial for safety and preventing progressive flooding, and is achieved through the design and maintenance of watertight closures and compartments.
Asked about kv of ship
6.6kv
asked about what is classed as HV
1000vac 1500vdc
how to conduct insulation resistance check
de energize system. tag out lock out system.
use insulation resistance tester.
test earth and live on each phase. test phase and phase to each phase.
how to take over a watch
Special orders related to any ship operation, control system, or maintenance work.
Standing orders from the chief engineer or the company
Level of important tanks such as bilges, ballast tank, sewage tank, reserve tank, slop tank, fuel tank, or any other tank which requires attention
Condition and state of fire extinguishing equipment and systems, in case any specific section or fire alarm has been isolated
Special mode of operation in case of emergency situation, damage, icy, or shallow water etc
In case there is any kind of maintenance work being carried out in the engine room by other engineer officer and crew members, then their work location, details of machinery under maintenance, and information of authorized person and crew members should be provided. Any potential hazard because of the ongoing maintenance work should also be informed.
equipment failure, details of the same should be informed
All the checks already made when the ship leaves the port should be noted. In case any check is pending, it should be conveyed to the reliving officer
All the checks that are made when the ship enters the port should be noted and informed in case any is missing.
Condition and important information regarding mode of operation of main engine, boiler, and auxiliary engines should be informed
steering gear test gear
contact bridge and confirm stern is clear
- Check oil in reserve tank by pressing button below gauge glass and checking reading on the gauge glass.
- Check comms with bridge using the Tactical Voice Terminal on steering gear flat/bridge comms loop
- Use the TVT to check that the gyro reading corresponds with the bridge
start 1 steering pump
swing rudder 35 to 30 using nfu in engine room
stop 1 pump and repeat with pump 2
repeat using both pumps
stop at regular intervals and confirm engine room angle reading corresponds with bridge angle.
test cut ins.
shut off one steering pump and ensure that second one starts automatically.
hand over control to bridge and allow them to complete tests
what contributes to watertight integrity
watertight bulkheads
collision bulkheads
watertight doors
weathertight foors
what tests for watertight integrity
hose test
ultrasound tests
actions on co2 release
ensure that all ventilation to space is stopped. close all fire dampers and perform external route to ensure all vents are closed
ensure engine room is fully clear and all personell are accounted for.
shut down machinery in the space.
activate quick closing valves for fuel and oil if not already done
with master permission, open release cabinet and open pilot cylinder 1
open pilot cylinder 2
how does boiler pressure gauge work
curved hollow tube that straighten when presure increases. movement is mechanically amplified and displayed on a dial
how to pressure test condenser
how condenser is cleaned
both ends taken off. uses long pipe cleaner inside steam tubes
draw condenser
are the tubes able to be changed
boiler high pressure alarm actions
check if main steam valve is open
check if burner is on auto
certifications for marpol sewage
international sewage pollution prevention certificate
asked about how garbage is handled and the different codes for different sorts of garbage
as per garbage management plan
uses 3 number codes. 1st number is what annex of marpol (oil codes are all 100 garbage codes are all 500)
501 plastic
502 food waste
503 domestic waste
504 cooking oil
505 incinerator ashes
asked about what we do with the deep fat fryer grease
either discharge to shore reception facility or incinerated
What are the types of motors
induction synchronous single phase
What are the main components of an induction motor.
stator - stationary part made of laminated metal copper windings induce rotating magnetic field
rotor squirrel cage or wound motor
bearings
shaft
no power is supplied to rotor
difference between induction and synchronous motors
induction requires no power to rotor. synchronous rotor is powered by dc current or has permenant magnets to create stationary magnetic field
- How would you carry out a continuity test
ensure equipment being tested is isolated electrically and mechanically and tagged and locked out.
use multimeter set to resistance test.
put probes on each end of thing you are testing contiunuity of. for example w-w on motor coil. ideally get a low or zero reading on multimeter
How dose a FO purifier work
uses principle of specific gravity difference between lube oil and fuel oil
- What would you do in the density of the fuel oil changes
change gravity disk
Where is the density of the fuel oil specified
bunker delivery note
3 What material is used on the friction pads
Modern clutch friction pads are typically made from a combination of materials, including organic compounds, carbon-based materials, ceramics, and various metals like copper, iron, and steel, to provide the necessary grip and wear resistance.
4 How is the temperature of the HT side of the JW system regulated
thermostatic valves
5 How do heat exchangers work
1 What is the purpose of the crosshead unit
transfer oscilatting conrod movement to reciprocal piston rod movement
2 What mountings are fitted to a boiler
safety vavle x2
main steam valve
vent valve
blowdown valve
feed valve
gauge glass
5 Draw the valve arrangements for blowing down the boiler
double valve by boiler then 1 overboard valve
6 What type of valve Is. The overboard valve
non return
7 Explain how to blow down the boiler
open overboard valve
open bottom blowdown valve adjacent to boiler
open valve furthest from boiler
8 Where dose the water from the hot well come from
recovered condensate
9 How dose the FWG work
either evaporator or reverse osmosis type
10 what tests would you perform on the fresh water
chlorine
Jcw
Ph chlorides nitrite
14 How is the amount of NOX emissions reduced
15 What is SOLAS
safety of life at sea
16 What is ISM
The purpose of the ISM Code is to provide an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships and for pollution prevention.
17 What is SMS
safety management system
18 What contents is kept in the ship’s SMS
Q) Wanted specific details about how the crosshead bearing is lubricated and how other specific parts of the crankcase were lubricated?
Q) Asked if I had ever entered the Crankspace in my cadetship
Q) Would I enter the crankspace with BA?
Q) Asked about specifics to do with the main bearing
made if 3 layers. steel back copper alloy middle layer for bonding and a soft overlay metal like tin and lead
Q) Two A/E are running in parallel and one drops off and shuts down
maybe fuel pressure too low
Q) How many bearings in an electric motor?
2
Q) Asked about boilers what I had sailed with and what type of boiler it was?
kangrim 7 bar water tube boiler
Q) Why we conduct boiler tests?
to ensure optimum running conditions for boiler. avoid corrosion and scale formation and identify issues such as high salt content
how does ows work
uses pd pump to pump oil in. coalescer filter form oil globules encouraging oil particulates to stick together which once they are large enough it floats to the top. then it goes through polishing pack usually type of sand to further clean the water. them passes through ocm bla bla bla
Q) What is the specific certificate issued to the ship with?
international oil pollution prevention certificate
Q) what is there on ship to help us prevent pollution with regards to Annex 1 of MARPOL
oil record book and ows
Q) what is the certificate issued to the ship with regards to ISM?
safety management certificate
Document of compliance
Q) Fire in the Purifier Room
raise the alarm, inform bridge of fire location and type if possible.
use first aid firefighting such as correct extinguisher or watermist.
request emergency slow of engine that purifier is required for.
close fire dampers. turn on fire pump.
commence firefighting as per standard operating procedures
Procedure to start engine from cold
Inform bridge and ce
Check jcw expansion tank level, lo sump level, fo serv tk level, and air bottle full
Drain water from air bottle
Run jcw pump and turn pre heater on
Run pre lube pump and lo puri
Open indicator cocks
Engage turning gear
Confirm stern clear
Turn on gear through 2 full rotations at least
Dis engage gear
Open air valve
Blow through on air
Close indicator cocks and turbo drain
Start engine on dead slow ahead and dead slow reverse to check functionality
Pass control to bridge and check control from bridge
Record engine ready in log book
Lifeboat launch procedure
Close lifeboat drain plugs
Secure painter somewhere fwd of lifeboat
Remove grips
Remove harbor safety pin
Ensure ships side is free of anything
Lift brake to bring lifeboat to embarkation deck
Pull tracing pendant to secure to side of embarkation deck
Embark crew and ensure
Release tracing pendant
Lift brake to lower lifeboat to water
Offload release should release lifeboat
Ba set checks
Full visual inspection
Check valve can be opened and closed freely
Open valve
Check pressure is correct (300 bar)
Turn off valve and ensure no more than 10 bar leaks out in 1 minute
Press the positive pressure button and pressure should drop, whistle should sound
Attach face mask and put mask on,
Tighten straps and ensure face seal is correct. When not breathing no air should be being delivered
Bunker procedure
Pre bunker meeting
All tanks sounded to ensure sufficient space for fuel
Deck scuppers blocked or closed
Sopep kit checked and prepared
Establish comms with barge
Connect bunker barge pipe
Check bdn
And collect samples
Lineup valves to fill correct tanks
Slow start pumping, sound tanks to ensure fuel delivery in correct tanks
Sound at regular intervals
Once all fuel transferred blow through
Conduct final sounding
Disconnect pipes
Return to usual valve lineup
Log in orb
