WASTE, EXO,& ENDO Flashcards
ARE PROCESSES THAT TAKE PLACE AT OR NEAR THE EARTH’S SURFACE THAT MAKES THE SURFACE WEAR AWAY. EXOGENIC PROCESSES ARE VERY DESTRUCTIVE, THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DEGRADATION AND SCULPTING THE EARTH’S SURFACE.
EXOGENIC PROCESSES
THE PROCESS THAT BREAKS DOWN ROCK INTO SMALLER PIECES
The disintegration of rocks, soil and minerals together with other materials through contact with Earth’s subsystems. The breaking down of soil and rocks happen in situ or on the spot.
WEATHERING
breaking down of larger rock into smaller rocks. No chemical change to rock Example - Freeze thaw action
Mechanical
a chemical reaction occurs in the rock causing it to dissolve and forming new substances. Example - Limestone dissolved by rainwater, forming calcium carbonate in caves
Chemical
disintegration of rocks due to the actions of plants/animals
Biological
occur on or near the surface Of Earth. They are usually influenced or driven by gravity, water, wind and organisms. These could be destructive occurrences that leave significant changes on the landscape and even in the ecosystem of an area. In extreme cases, it can wipe out majority of the organisms inhabiting that area.
EXOGENOUS (external)
Thermal expansion and contraction repeated heating and cooling of materials cause rigid substances to crack and separate
Weathering
The uplift and erosion of rocks overlying igneous rocks because pressure on igneous rocks is reduce exfoliation.
Unloading
slabs of outer rock separate and break loose
is the removal of great weights of rock or ice that lie on the surface…. The process releases pressure on underlying rocks and causes them to expand upward and crack at the surface. As a result, greater areas of rock are exposed to mechanical and chemical weathering.
Exfoliation
THOSE ROCK PARTICLES GET CARRIED AWAY BY WIND, WATER, ICE & GRAVITY
erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth’s crust, and then transports it to another location (not to be confused with weathering which involves no movement)
EROSION
refers to the disintegration or disaggregation of rocks by physically breaking them apart
Physical weathering
Means that the surface of the rock is weathered due to the action of wind, water & gravity
Abrasion
Freezing-Thawing_water expands when it freezes
Frost wedging
rock breaks off into leaves or sheets along joints which parallel the ground surface;
caused by expansion of rock due to uplift and erosion; removal of pressure of deep burial
Exfoliation or unloading
repeated daily heating and cooling of rock,
heat causes expansion; cooling causes contraction.
different minerals expand and contract at different rates causing stresses along mineral boundaries.
Thermal expansion
In the same way in which sugar dissolves in tea, some minerals and rocks dissolve in rainwater.
SOLUTION
is very similar to solution. It alfects rocks that are made up of calcium carbonate e g chalk and limestone Rainwater picks up carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air, so becomes a weak carbonic acid This then reacts with calcium carbonate (found in rocks such as chalk/limestone) to form calcium bicarbonate which dissolves weak points in the rock, forming cracks (see photo on left)
CARBONATION
chemical reaction of a substance with oxygen causing a rust material to form
Oxidation
chemical reaction of a substance with oxygen causing a rust material to form
Oxidation
Types of Chemical Weathering
Carbonation
Hydrolysis
Hydration
Oxidation
Solution
FACTORS THAT AFFECT PHYSICAL WEATHERING
ICE WEDGING, RELEASE OF PRESSURE, GROWTH OF PLANTS, ANIMALS, ABRASION
FACTORS THAT AFFECT CHEMICAL WEATHERING
WATER, OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, LIVING ORGANISMS, ACID RAIN
the chemical reaction of minerals with water
causes more chemical weathering than any other type
Feldspar reacts with water
Hydrolysis
is the movement of rock, soil and regolith downward due to the action of gravity.
a collective term for a downslope transport of surface materials in direct response to gravity.
Mass wasting
The BREAKING DOWN of rock.
Weathering agents include: Water Ice, Wind Animals Growing Plants
Weathering
The DROPPING of sediment in a NEW place.
Deposition
ARE THOSE AREAS FOUND UNDER THE SEA THEY CAN BE RELATIVELY INACTIVE AREAS WHERE DEPOSITS OF SEDIMENT SLOWLY COLLECT OR ACTIVE AREAS WHERE TECTONIC PLATES MEET
OCEAN BASINS
It is a natural process in which a material is carried to the bottom of bodies of water and forms to solid.
SEDIMENTATION
most common in high- latitude or high- elevation tundra regions that have permafrost.
is the slow downhill flow of soil.
Solifluction
a type of mass wasting that can only be seen and be measured over a long period of time.
Creep
Solifluction
Slow mass wasting
the principal force for mass wasting
Gravity
Rapid movements are commonly found in steep slopes while slow movements are found on gentle slopes
Oversteepened slope
rainwater adds weight and acts as a lubricant to weathered
Water
It is a vibration and also a factor that triggers mass wasting
Earthquake
Factors that affect mass wasting
- Slope angle
- Presence of water
- Presence of vegetation
a type of mass movement in which much of the involved material is pulverized that is broken into small fragments. powdery
Avalanche
a mass wasting event that consists of Earth material plummeting downward freely through the air.
Fall
Fast mass wasting
- Fall
- Avalanche
- Slides
- Slumps
- Flow
are briefer in duration, more damaging, and occur relatively steep slopes.
Fast mass wasting
The slowest and least noticeable, but most widespread of the slow mass wasting categories.
involves the entire hillside, and is characterized by very slow movement of soil or rock material over a period of several years.
Creep
is a slow, gradual movement of soil or regolith downhill over time.
Soil Creep
originates in the lower part of the Earth’s crust and in the upper portion of the mantle known as asthenosphere.
a mixture of molten rock, minerals and gases.
MAGMA
Processes that is formed or occurring beneath the surface of the Earth.
Earthflow is a downslope viscous flow of fine-grained materials that have been saturated with water and moves under the pull of gravity.
ENDOGENIC PROCESS
are rotational slides where a thick block of soil moves along a concave or curved surface.
is a type of mass wasting that results in the sliding of coherent rock materials along a curved surface.
Slump
Magma develops within the upper mantle and crust where the crust where the temperature and pressure conditions favor the molten state. Magma collects in areas
Magma Chamber
Magma rises towards the Earth’s surface where are less dense surrounding rocks and when a structural zone allows movement.
Magma Escape Routes
is the resistance to flow (an antonym for fluidity).
Viscosity
Deep in the Earth, nearly all magmas contain gas dissolved in the liquid, As magma rises at the surface of the Earth, pressure is decreased and the gas forms a separate vapor phase. This is somewhat similar to carbonated beverages which are bottled at high pressure.
Gases in Magma
involves the upward movement of the Earth’s mostly solid mantle
this hot material rises to an area of lower pressure through convection. the process of
Decompression Melting
Happens when hot, liquid rock intrudes into the Earth’s crust. As the liquid rock solidifies, it loses this heat and transfers it to the surrounding crust. This is similar to a hot fudge poured over cold ice cream.
Transfer of Heat
It occurs when water or carbon dioxide added on rocks these affects the melting point of rock when added with water beneath the earth it generates magma
Flux Melting
Rock Deformations
1.Stress
2.Strain
3.Joints
4.Faults
This type of magma has viscosity level there has low in iron but high in potassium and sodium this form makes granite rocks.
Felsic Magma
This normally found in volcano that erupts, after the eruption it releases a lava that has high silica and very viscous/it commonly produced Andesite Rock.a
Intermediate Magma
has relatively low silica content but high in iron and magnesium. This magma has a low gas content and low viscosity, has high average temperature which contributes to its low velocity. Low velocity means that mafic magma is the most fluid of all magma types.
Mafic Magma
The hottest and fastest flowing magma.
Ultramafic Magma
Rocks buried deep within the Earth’s crust behave differently when subjected to differential stress. It is impossible to produce fracture in rocks the way it is at the Earth’s surface. Rocks become thicker under compressional stress and thinner under tensional stress. Rock layers tend to bend and go out of shape. The high temperature condition makes a rock softer, less brittle and more ductile.
Deformation
For small differential stresses, less than the yield strength, rock deforms like a spring. It changes in shape by a very small amount in response to the stress. The deformation is not permanent. This deformation is reversable. The rock can return to its original shape.
Elastic deformation
Near the Earth’s surface rock behave in its familiar brittle fashion. If a differential stress is applied that is greater than the rock’s yield strength, the rock fractures. Fracture is an is an irreversable strain wherein the rock breaks.
Brittle deformation or Fracture
the force that could create deformation on rocks in their shape and/ volume.
Great forces from several directions may act on the lithospheric plates causing them to move. Although this crustal plates are elastic solid, they are subjected to great forces such as pulling, pushing or squeezing.
Stress
ability of a rock material to handle stress depends on the elasticity of the rock.
Strain
fractures in rocks that show little or no movement at all.
Joints
This is when rock is stretched apart or pulled apart. Where crustal plates diverge, rocks are pulled apart
Tensional stress (stretching).
This is when rock is pressed, squeezed or pushed together. It’s like a car caught in the middle of a long pile up on the highway. Where crustal plates collide, rocks are compressed or pushed
Compressional stress
which results in slippage and translation. The rock is being pulled in opposite directions. It is similar to the motion between individual playing cards when the top of the stack is moved relative to the bottom
Shear stress
Rock beneath the Earth’s surface experiences equal pressure exerted on it from all directions because the weight of the overlying rock.
It is like the hydrostatic stress (water pressure) that a person feels pressing all over his body when diving down deep in the water.
Lithostatic stress
stress on rocks that are caused by an additional due to unequal stress due to tectonic forces.
Differential stress
3 Kinds of Differential Stress
a) Tensional stress (stretching)
b) Compressional stress (squeezing)
c) Shear stress
are extremely long and deep break or large crack in a rock
a result of continuous pulling and pushing.
Faults
Types of Faults
a) Dip-slip fault (Normal fault)
b) Strike-slip fault
c) Reverse (or thrust) fault
occurs when brittle rocks are stretched-tectonic tensional forces are involved and the movement of blocks or rock is mainly in the vertical direction (sinking and rising).
Dip-slip fault (Normal fault)
occurs when brittle rocks are sheared (the opposing tectonic forces are at right angles to compression and tension directions) and the movement of blocks of rock is chiefly in the horizontal direction.
If the far side of the fault moves to the left relative to an observer it is called “sinistral strike- slip fault” (left-lateral).
Strike-slip fault
occur when brittle rocks are pushed (the tectonic forces are compressional).
Reverse (or thrust) fault
promoted by high temperature and pressure at great depth.
When rocks deform in a ductile manner, instead of fracturing to form faults or joints, they may bend or fold and the resulting structures
FOLDS
are the simplest types of folds, occur when the horizontal layers are bent upward so that two limbs of the fold are still horizontal.
Monoclines
are folds structures when the original rock layers have been folded downward and the two limbs of the fold dip inward toward the hinge of the fold.
Synclines
are fold structures formed when the originally rock layers have been folded upward and the two limbs of the fold dip away from the hinge of the fold.
Anticlines
The MOVEMENT of sediment from broken rock. Erosion agents Include: Water, Wind, Ice, Gravity
Erosion
Solid wastes that include household garbage
rubbish, construction & demolition debris, sanitation residues, packaging materials, trade refuges etc. are managed by any municipality
Municipal Solid wastes
Solid or liquid wastes including containers intermediate or end products generated during diagnosis, treatment & research activities of medical sciences
Bio-medical wastes
Liquid and solid wastes that are generated by manufacturing & processing units of various industries like chemical
Industrial wastes:
Wastes generated from farming activities.
Agricultural wastes
Wastes generated due to fishery activities. These are extensively found in coastal & estuarine areas.
Fishery Waste
Waste containing radioactive materials. Usually these
are byproducts of nuclear processes. Sometimes industries that are not directly involved in nuclear activities, may also produce some radioactive wastes, eg radio-isotopes, chemical sludge etc.
Radioactive wastes
generated from any modern establishments. They may be described as discarded electrical or electronic devices. Some electronic scrap components, such as CRTs, may contain contaminants such as Pb, Cd, Be or brominated flame retardants
E-wastes
Kinds of Wastes
Solid
Liquid
Biodegradable
Non-biodegradable
Hazardous
Non hazardous
Substances unsafe to use comrnercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically and have any of the following properties- ignitability, corrosivity reactivity & toxicity
Hazardous wastes
safe to use commercially industrially, agriculturally, or economically and do not have any of those properties mentioned above. These substances usually create disposal problems
Non-hazardous Substances
It is the most traditional method of waste disposal.
Waste is directly dumped into disused quarries, mining volds or borrow pits
Disposed waste is compacted and covered with soll
Gases generated by the decomposing waste materials are often burnt to generate power.
It is generally used for domestic waste.
LAND FILL
waste treatment process that involves the combustion of solid waste at 1000C
waste materials are converted into ash, flue gas, and heat.
The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and gases due to organic waste
the heat generated by
Incineration
The waste is compacted or compressed. It also breaks up large or tagie items of waste.
This process is conspicuous in the feed at the back end of many garbage collection vehicles. Deposit retuse at bottom of slape for best compaction and contrat al blawing late.
COMPACTION
defined as thermal degradation of waste in the absence of air to produce char, and syngas, e.g. the conversion of wood to charcoal also it is defined as destructive distillation of waste in the absence of oxygen. External source of heat is employed in this process.
Pyrolysis
