Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Earth Science > WASTE, EXO,& ENDO > Flashcards

WASTE, EXO,& ENDO Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ARE PROCESSES THAT TAKE PLACE AT OR NEAR THE EARTH’S SURFACE THAT MAKES THE SURFACE WEAR AWAY. EXOGENIC PROCESSES ARE VERY DESTRUCTIVE, THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DEGRADATION AND SCULPTING THE EARTH’S SURFACE.

A

EXOGENIC PROCESSES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

THE PROCESS THAT BREAKS DOWN ROCK INTO SMALLER PIECES
The disintegration of rocks, soil and minerals together with other materials through contact with Earth’s subsystems. The breaking down of soil and rocks happen in situ or on the spot.

A

WEATHERING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

breaking down of larger rock into smaller rocks. No chemical change to rock Example - Freeze thaw action

A

Mechanical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

a chemical reaction occurs in the rock causing it to dissolve and forming new substances. Example - Limestone dissolved by rainwater, forming calcium carbonate in caves

A

Chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

disintegration of rocks due to the actions of plants/animals

A

Biological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

occur on or near the surface Of Earth. They are usually influenced or driven by gravity, water, wind and organisms. These could be destructive occurrences that leave significant changes on the landscape and even in the ecosystem of an area. In extreme cases, it can wipe out majority of the organisms inhabiting that area.

A

EXOGENOUS (external)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Thermal expansion and contraction repeated heating and cooling of materials cause rigid substances to crack and separate

A

Weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The uplift and erosion of rocks overlying igneous rocks because pressure on igneous rocks is reduce exfoliation.

A

Unloading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

slabs of outer rock separate and break loose
is the removal of great weights of rock or ice that lie on the surface…. The process releases pressure on underlying rocks and causes them to expand upward and crack at the surface. As a result, greater areas of rock are exposed to mechanical and chemical weathering.

A

Exfoliation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

THOSE ROCK PARTICLES GET CARRIED AWAY BY WIND, WATER, ICE & GRAVITY
erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth’s crust, and then transports it to another location (not to be confused with weathering which involves no movement)

A

EROSION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

refers to the disintegration or disaggregation of rocks by physically breaking them apart

A

Physical weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Means that the surface of the rock is weathered due to the action of wind, water & gravity

A

Abrasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Freezing-Thawing_water expands when it freezes

A

Frost wedging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

rock breaks off into leaves or sheets along joints which parallel the ground surface;
caused by expansion of rock due to uplift and erosion; removal of pressure of deep burial

A

Exfoliation or unloading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

repeated daily heating and cooling of rock,
heat causes expansion; cooling causes contraction.
different minerals expand and contract at different rates causing stresses along mineral boundaries.

A

Thermal expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In the same way in which sugar dissolves in tea, some minerals and rocks dissolve in rainwater.

A

SOLUTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

is very similar to solution. It alfects rocks that are made up of calcium carbonate e g chalk and limestone Rainwater picks up carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air, so becomes a weak carbonic acid This then reacts with calcium carbonate (found in rocks such as chalk/limestone) to form calcium bicarbonate which dissolves weak points in the rock, forming cracks (see photo on left)

A

CARBONATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

chemical reaction of a substance with oxygen causing a rust material to form

A

Oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

chemical reaction of a substance with oxygen causing a rust material to form

A

Oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Types of Chemical Weathering

A

Carbonation
Hydrolysis
Hydration
Oxidation
Solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

FACTORS THAT AFFECT PHYSICAL WEATHERING

A

ICE WEDGING, RELEASE OF PRESSURE, GROWTH OF PLANTS, ANIMALS, ABRASION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

FACTORS THAT AFFECT CHEMICAL WEATHERING

A

WATER, OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, LIVING ORGANISMS, ACID RAIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the chemical reaction of minerals with water
causes more chemical weathering than any other type
Feldspar reacts with water

A

Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

is the movement of rock, soil and regolith downward due to the action of gravity.
a collective term for a downslope transport of surface materials in direct response to gravity.

A

Mass wasting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The BREAKING DOWN of rock.
Weathering agents include: Water Ice, Wind Animals Growing Plants

A

Weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The DROPPING of sediment in a NEW place.

A

Deposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

ARE THOSE AREAS FOUND UNDER THE SEA THEY CAN BE RELATIVELY INACTIVE AREAS WHERE DEPOSITS OF SEDIMENT SLOWLY COLLECT OR ACTIVE AREAS WHERE TECTONIC PLATES MEET

A

OCEAN BASINS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

It is a natural process in which a material is carried to the bottom of bodies of water and forms to solid.

A

SEDIMENTATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

most common in high- latitude or high- elevation tundra regions that have permafrost.
is the slow downhill flow of soil.

A

Solifluction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

a type of mass wasting that can only be seen and be measured over a long period of time.
Creep
Solifluction

A

Slow mass wasting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the principal force for mass wasting

A

Gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Rapid movements are commonly found in steep slopes while slow movements are found on gentle slopes

A

Oversteepened slope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

rainwater adds weight and acts as a lubricant to weathered

A

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

It is a vibration and also a factor that triggers mass wasting

A

Earthquake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Factors that affect mass wasting

A
  1. Slope angle
  2. Presence of water
  3. Presence of vegetation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

a type of mass movement in which much of the involved material is pulverized that is broken into small fragments. powdery

A

Avalanche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

a mass wasting event that consists of Earth material plummeting downward freely through the air.

A

Fall

38
Q

Fast mass wasting

A
  1. Fall
  2. Avalanche
  3. Slides
  4. Slumps
  5. Flow
39
Q

are briefer in duration, more damaging, and occur relatively steep slopes.

A

Fast mass wasting

40
Q

The slowest and least noticeable, but most widespread of the slow mass wasting categories.
involves the entire hillside, and is characterized by very slow movement of soil or rock material over a period of several years.

A

Creep

41
Q

is a slow, gradual movement of soil or regolith downhill over time.

A

Soil Creep

42
Q

originates in the lower part of the Earth’s crust and in the upper portion of the mantle known as asthenosphere.
a mixture of molten rock, minerals and gases.

A

MAGMA

43
Q

Processes that is formed or occurring beneath the surface of the Earth.
Earthflow is a downslope viscous flow of fine-grained materials that have been saturated with water and moves under the pull of gravity.

A

ENDOGENIC PROCESS

44
Q

are rotational slides where a thick block of soil moves along a concave or curved surface.
is a type of mass wasting that results in the sliding of coherent rock materials along a curved surface.

A

Slump

45
Q

Magma develops within the upper mantle and crust where the crust where the temperature and pressure conditions favor the molten state. Magma collects in areas

A

Magma Chamber

46
Q

Magma rises towards the Earth’s surface where are less dense surrounding rocks and when a structural zone allows movement.

A

Magma Escape Routes

47
Q

is the resistance to flow (an antonym for fluidity).

A

Viscosity

48
Q

Deep in the Earth, nearly all magmas contain gas dissolved in the liquid, As magma rises at the surface of the Earth, pressure is decreased and the gas forms a separate vapor phase. This is somewhat similar to carbonated beverages which are bottled at high pressure.

A

Gases in Magma

49
Q

involves the upward movement of the Earth’s mostly solid mantle
this hot material rises to an area of lower pressure through convection. the process of

A

Decompression Melting

50
Q

Happens when hot, liquid rock intrudes into the Earth’s crust. As the liquid rock solidifies, it loses this heat and transfers it to the surrounding crust. This is similar to a hot fudge poured over cold ice cream.

A

Transfer of Heat

51
Q

It occurs when water or carbon dioxide added on rocks these affects the melting point of rock when added with water beneath the earth it generates magma

A

Flux Melting

52
Q

Rock Deformations

A

1.Stress
2.Strain
3.Joints
4.Faults

53
Q

This type of magma has viscosity level there has low in iron but high in potassium and sodium this form makes granite rocks.

A

Felsic Magma

54
Q

This normally found in volcano that erupts, after the eruption it releases a lava that has high silica and very viscous/it commonly produced Andesite Rock.a

A

Intermediate Magma

55
Q

has relatively low silica content but high in iron and magnesium. This magma has a low gas content and low viscosity, has high average temperature which contributes to its low velocity. Low velocity means that mafic magma is the most fluid of all magma types.

A

Mafic Magma

56
Q

The hottest and fastest flowing magma.

A

Ultramafic Magma

57
Q

Rocks buried deep within the Earth’s crust behave differently when subjected to differential stress. It is impossible to produce fracture in rocks the way it is at the Earth’s surface. Rocks become thicker under compressional stress and thinner under tensional stress. Rock layers tend to bend and go out of shape. The high temperature condition makes a rock softer, less brittle and more ductile.

A

Deformation

58
Q

For small differential stresses, less than the yield strength, rock deforms like a spring. It changes in shape by a very small amount in response to the stress. The deformation is not permanent. This deformation is reversable. The rock can return to its original shape.

A

Elastic deformation

59
Q

Near the Earth’s surface rock behave in its familiar brittle fashion. If a differential stress is applied that is greater than the rock’s yield strength, the rock fractures. Fracture is an is an irreversable strain wherein the rock breaks.

A

Brittle deformation or Fracture

60
Q

the force that could create deformation on rocks in their shape and/ volume.
Great forces from several directions may act on the lithospheric plates causing them to move. Although this crustal plates are elastic solid, they are subjected to great forces such as pulling, pushing or squeezing.

A

Stress

61
Q

ability of a rock material to handle stress depends on the elasticity of the rock.

A

Strain

62
Q

fractures in rocks that show little or no movement at all.

A

Joints

63
Q

This is when rock is stretched apart or pulled apart. Where crustal plates diverge, rocks are pulled apart

A

Tensional stress (stretching).

64
Q

This is when rock is pressed, squeezed or pushed together. It’s like a car caught in the middle of a long pile up on the highway. Where crustal plates collide, rocks are compressed or pushed

A

Compressional stress

65
Q

which results in slippage and translation. The rock is being pulled in opposite directions. It is similar to the motion between individual playing cards when the top of the stack is moved relative to the bottom

A

Shear stress

66
Q

Rock beneath the Earth’s surface experiences equal pressure exerted on it from all directions because the weight of the overlying rock.
It is like the hydrostatic stress (water pressure) that a person feels pressing all over his body when diving down deep in the water.

A

Lithostatic stress

67
Q

stress on rocks that are caused by an additional due to unequal stress due to tectonic forces.

A

Differential stress

68
Q

3 Kinds of Differential Stress

A

a) Tensional stress (stretching)
b) Compressional stress (squeezing)
c) Shear stress

69
Q

are extremely long and deep break or large crack in a rock
a result of continuous pulling and pushing.

A

Faults

70
Q

Types of Faults

A

a) Dip-slip fault (Normal fault)
b) Strike-slip fault
c) Reverse (or thrust) fault

71
Q

occurs when brittle rocks are stretched-tectonic tensional forces are involved and the movement of blocks or rock is mainly in the vertical direction (sinking and rising).

A

Dip-slip fault (Normal fault)

72
Q

occurs when brittle rocks are sheared (the opposing tectonic forces are at right angles to compression and tension directions) and the movement of blocks of rock is chiefly in the horizontal direction.
If the far side of the fault moves to the left relative to an observer it is called “sinistral strike- slip fault” (left-lateral).

A

Strike-slip fault

73
Q

occur when brittle rocks are pushed (the tectonic forces are compressional).

A

Reverse (or thrust) fault

74
Q

promoted by high temperature and pressure at great depth.
When rocks deform in a ductile manner, instead of fracturing to form faults or joints, they may bend or fold and the resulting structures

A

FOLDS

75
Q

are the simplest types of folds, occur when the horizontal layers are bent upward so that two limbs of the fold are still horizontal.

A

Monoclines

76
Q

are folds structures when the original rock layers have been folded downward and the two limbs of the fold dip inward toward the hinge of the fold.

A

Synclines

77
Q

are fold structures formed when the originally rock layers have been folded upward and the two limbs of the fold dip away from the hinge of the fold.

A

Anticlines

78
Q

The MOVEMENT of sediment from broken rock. Erosion agents Include: Water, Wind, Ice, Gravity

A

Erosion

79
Q

Solid wastes that include household garbage

rubbish, construction & demolition debris, sanitation residues, packaging materials, trade refuges etc. are managed by any municipality

A

Municipal Solid wastes

80
Q

Solid or liquid wastes including containers intermediate or end products generated during diagnosis, treatment & research activities of medical sciences

A

Bio-medical wastes

81
Q

Liquid and solid wastes that are generated by manufacturing & processing units of various industries like chemical

A

Industrial wastes:

82
Q

Wastes generated from farming activities.

A

Agricultural wastes

83
Q

Wastes generated due to fishery activities. These are extensively found in coastal & estuarine areas.

A

Fishery Waste

84
Q

Waste containing radioactive materials. Usually these
are byproducts of nuclear processes. Sometimes industries that are not directly involved in nuclear activities, may also produce some radioactive wastes, eg radio-isotopes, chemical sludge etc.

A

Radioactive wastes

85
Q

generated from any modern establishments. They may be described as discarded electrical or electronic devices. Some electronic scrap components, such as CRTs, may contain contaminants such as Pb, Cd, Be or brominated flame retardants

A

E-wastes

86
Q

Kinds of Wastes

A

Solid
Liquid
Biodegradable
Non-biodegradable
Hazardous
Non hazardous

87
Q

Substances unsafe to use comrnercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically and have any of the following properties- ignitability, corrosivity reactivity & toxicity

A

Hazardous wastes

88
Q

safe to use commercially industrially, agriculturally, or economically and do not have any of those properties mentioned above. These substances usually create disposal problems

A

Non-hazardous Substances

89
Q

It is the most traditional method of waste disposal.
Waste is directly dumped into disused quarries, mining volds or borrow pits
Disposed waste is compacted and covered with soll
Gases generated by the decomposing waste materials are often burnt to generate power.
It is generally used for domestic waste.

A

LAND FILL

90
Q

waste treatment process that involves the combustion of solid waste at 1000C
waste materials are converted into ash, flue gas, and heat.
The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and gases due to organic waste
the heat generated by

A

Incineration

91
Q

The waste is compacted or compressed. It also breaks up large or tagie items of waste.
This process is conspicuous in the feed at the back end of many garbage collection vehicles. Deposit retuse at bottom of slape for best compaction and contrat al blawing late.

A

COMPACTION

92
Q

defined as thermal degradation of waste in the absence of air to produce char, and syngas, e.g. the conversion of wood to charcoal also it is defined as destructive distillation of waste in the absence of oxygen. External source of heat is employed in this process.

A

Pyrolysis

Earth Science (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions