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DTMH > WASH Lecture > Flashcards

WASH Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of sanitation?

A

Safe disposal of excreta and human feces to protect health and contamination of the environment.

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2
Q

Definition of sanitation chain?

A

Safe containment, transport, treatment and disposal/re-use of human excreta

Containment>emptying>transport>treatment>reuse/disposal

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3
Q

Steps to sanitation ladder? (lowest to highes)

A

-Open defecation
-Unimproved
-Limited
-Basic
-Safely managed

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4
Q

Open defecation definition?

A

Disposal of human faeces in fields, forests, bushes, open bodies of water, beaches and other open spaces or with solid waste

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5
Q

Unimproved sanitation definition?

A

Use of pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines or bucket latrines

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6
Q

Definition of limited sanitation

A

Use of improved facilities shared between two or more households

Ex)
- Dry pit latrines (lined with slab)
-Ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP)
-Urine diverting toilets

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7
Q

Definition of basic sanitation?

A

Use of improved facilities which are not shared with other households

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8
Q

Definition of safely managed sanitation?

A

Use of improved facilities which are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed in situ or transported and treated off-site

ex) pour-flush connected to septic tank

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9
Q

Examples of unimproved sanitation?

A

-Flying toilet
-Cat method
-Hanging latrine
-Pit latrines

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10
Q

What are the pros and cons of pit latrines?

A

Pros: easy to build, low cost (to build and maintain)
Cons:
-flies
-odours
-needs emptying
-difficult to clean
-excreta visible
-needs sludge treatment
-pits are susceptible to overflowing
-stagnant water in pits can result in mosquito breeding
-can contaminate groundwater

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11
Q

Pros and cons of a dry pit latrine?

A

Basic sanitation
Pros: easy to clean, more structurally stable, easy to build, no need for constant water source, low capital and operating costs
Cons: flies, odour, needs emptying (cost), requires sludge treatment, can contaminate groundwater

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12
Q

Steps to faecal sludge management?

A
  1. Empty pit (manual vs mechanical)
  2. Transport faecal sludge
  3. Treat (drying, chemical)
  4. Dispose vs. re-use
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13
Q

What diseases can improved sanitation reduce the risk of?

A
  • Diarrheal illness (by 22%, 43$ in high-risk areas)
    -Ascaris
    -Hookworm
    -Strongyloides
    -C. trachomatis
    -Schistosomiasis
    -Nutrition
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14
Q

What are the non-health benefits to sanitation?

A
  • Privacy
  • Female quality of life (withold food/drink, harassment/rape, imprisonment by daylight, menstrual hygiene management, school enrolment and attendance)
    -Improved disability access
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15
Q

Water sources service levels?

A
  1. Safely managed
  2. Basic
  3. Limited
  4. Unimproved
  5. Surface water
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16
Q

Definition of safely managed water source?

A

Drinking water from an improved water source that is located on premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination

17
Q

Definition of basic water source?

A

Drinking water from an improved water source, provided collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing

18
Q

Limited water source definition?

A

Drinking water from an improved source for which collection time exceeds 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing

19
Q

Definition of unimproved water source?

A

Drinking water from an unprotected dug well or unprotected spring

20
Q

Definition of surface water drinking source?

A

Drinking water directly from a river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal or irrigation canal

21
Q

Definition of an improved water source (WHO)?

A

A source that by nature of its construction or through active intervention, is protected from outside contamination, in particular from contamination with fecal matter

22
Q

Examples of improved water source?

A

-Piped water into dwelling
-Piped water to yard/plot
-Public tap/public standpost
-Tubewell/borehole/hand pump
-Protected dug well/spring
-Protected spring
-Rainwater

23
Q

Examples of unimproved water sources?

A

-(collected) surface water
-Unprotected dug well
-Unprotected spring
-Tanker truck/cart with tank

24
Q

Name 5 modes of point of use water treatment?

A
  1. Chlorination
  2. Boiling
  3. Filtration
  4. UV disinfection (SODIS)
  5. Storage - water stored in covered tank, silt settles, some pathogens die off with time
25
Q

What are the four transmission routes for the Bradley Classification of Water-related infections?

A
  1. Water-borne
  2. Water-washed
  3. Water-based
  4. Water-related insect vector
26
Q

Definition of water-borne infection?

A

Infected from drinking it
ex) chloera

27
Q

Definition of water-washed infection?

A

Person-to-person transmission due to inadequate personal and domestic hygiene
ex) trachoma, conjunctivitis, louse-borne typhus

28
Q

Definition of water-based infection?

A

Transmission of infections via an obligatory aquatic host (snail)
ex) schistosomiasis, guinea worm

29
Q

Definition of water-related insect vector?

A

Transmission by insects which breed (or bite near) water
ex) malaria, dengue, yellow fever, sleeping sickness, filariasis

30
Q

Interventions targeting water-borne infections?

A

-Improve drinking water quality
-Improve sanitation

31
Q

Interventions for improving water-washed infections?

A

-Increase quantity of water
-Improved hygiene by increasing access and availability of water

32
Q

Interventions for water-based infections?

A

-Decrease contact with contaminated water
-Control aquatic animals
-Reduce excreta entering environment

33
Q

Interventions for water-related insect vector infections?

A

-Eliminate breeding sites
-Netting
-Repellent
-Keep people away from breeding sites

34
Q

What is the “basic” access minimum of water as per WHO?

A

20 L/cap/day
Needs to be available within 30 min (round trip)

35
Q

What is the WHO handwashing ladder levels?

A
  1. Basic
  2. Limited
  3. No facility
36
Q

Definition of basic handwashing?

A

Availability of handwashing facility with soap and water at home

37
Q

Definition of limited hand washing?

A

Availability of a handwashing facility lacking soap and/or water at home

38
Q

Definition of no facility hand washing?

A

No handwashing facility on premises

39
Q
A

DTMH (13 decks)

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