WASH Lecture Flashcards
Definition of sanitation?
Safe disposal of excreta and human feces to protect health and contamination of the environment.
Definition of sanitation chain?
Safe containment, transport, treatment and disposal/re-use of human excreta
Containment>emptying>transport>treatment>reuse/disposal
Steps to sanitation ladder? (lowest to highes)
-Open defecation
-Unimproved
-Limited
-Basic
-Safely managed
Open defecation definition?
Disposal of human faeces in fields, forests, bushes, open bodies of water, beaches and other open spaces or with solid waste
Unimproved sanitation definition?
Use of pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines or bucket latrines
Definition of limited sanitation
Use of improved facilities shared between two or more households
Ex)
- Dry pit latrines (lined with slab)
-Ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP)
-Urine diverting toilets
Definition of basic sanitation?
Use of improved facilities which are not shared with other households
Definition of safely managed sanitation?
Use of improved facilities which are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed in situ or transported and treated off-site
ex) pour-flush connected to septic tank
Examples of unimproved sanitation?
-Flying toilet
-Cat method
-Hanging latrine
-Pit latrines
What are the pros and cons of pit latrines?
Pros: easy to build, low cost (to build and maintain)
Cons:
-flies
-odours
-needs emptying
-difficult to clean
-excreta visible
-needs sludge treatment
-pits are susceptible to overflowing
-stagnant water in pits can result in mosquito breeding
-can contaminate groundwater
Pros and cons of a dry pit latrine?
Basic sanitation
Pros: easy to clean, more structurally stable, easy to build, no need for constant water source, low capital and operating costs
Cons: flies, odour, needs emptying (cost), requires sludge treatment, can contaminate groundwater
Steps to faecal sludge management?
- Empty pit (manual vs mechanical)
- Transport faecal sludge
- Treat (drying, chemical)
- Dispose vs. re-use
What diseases can improved sanitation reduce the risk of?
- Diarrheal illness (by 22%, 43$ in high-risk areas)
-Ascaris
-Hookworm
-Strongyloides
-C. trachomatis
-Schistosomiasis
-Nutrition
What are the non-health benefits to sanitation?
- Privacy
- Female quality of life (withold food/drink, harassment/rape, imprisonment by daylight, menstrual hygiene management, school enrolment and attendance)
-Improved disability access
Water sources service levels?
- Safely managed
- Basic
- Limited
- Unimproved
- Surface water
Definition of safely managed water source?
Drinking water from an improved water source that is located on premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination
Definition of basic water source?
Drinking water from an improved water source, provided collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing
Limited water source definition?
Drinking water from an improved source for which collection time exceeds 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing
Definition of unimproved water source?
Drinking water from an unprotected dug well or unprotected spring
Definition of surface water drinking source?
Drinking water directly from a river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal or irrigation canal
Definition of an improved water source (WHO)?
A source that by nature of its construction or through active intervention, is protected from outside contamination, in particular from contamination with fecal matter
Examples of improved water source?
-Piped water into dwelling
-Piped water to yard/plot
-Public tap/public standpost
-Tubewell/borehole/hand pump
-Protected dug well/spring
-Protected spring
-Rainwater
Examples of unimproved water sources?
-(collected) surface water
-Unprotected dug well
-Unprotected spring
-Tanker truck/cart with tank
Name 5 modes of point of use water treatment?
- Chlorination
- Boiling
- Filtration
- UV disinfection (SODIS)
- Storage - water stored in covered tank, silt settles, some pathogens die off with time
What are the four transmission routes for the Bradley Classification of Water-related infections?
- Water-borne
- Water-washed
- Water-based
- Water-related insect vector
Definition of water-borne infection?
Infected from drinking it
ex) chloera
Definition of water-washed infection?
Person-to-person transmission due to inadequate personal and domestic hygiene
ex) trachoma, conjunctivitis, louse-borne typhus
Definition of water-based infection?
Transmission of infections via an obligatory aquatic host (snail)
ex) schistosomiasis, guinea worm
Definition of water-related insect vector?
Transmission by insects which breed (or bite near) water
ex) malaria, dengue, yellow fever, sleeping sickness, filariasis
Interventions targeting water-borne infections?
-Improve drinking water quality
-Improve sanitation
Interventions for improving water-washed infections?
-Increase quantity of water
-Improved hygiene by increasing access and availability of water
Interventions for water-based infections?
-Decrease contact with contaminated water
-Control aquatic animals
-Reduce excreta entering environment
Interventions for water-related insect vector infections?
-Eliminate breeding sites
-Netting
-Repellent
-Keep people away from breeding sites
What is the “basic” access minimum of water as per WHO?
20 L/cap/day
Needs to be available within 30 min (round trip)
What is the WHO handwashing ladder levels?
- Basic
- Limited
- No facility
Definition of basic handwashing?
Availability of handwashing facility with soap and water at home
Definition of limited hand washing?
Availability of a handwashing facility lacking soap and/or water at home
Definition of no facility hand washing?
No handwashing facility on premises
