Was the directory's dependence on the military unavoidable? Flashcards
Was the Directorys dependence on the military unavoidable?
(1) Emigres threat
(2) The Chounnerie
(3) Vendee revolt
(4) Impact of victories on power of army
(5) Popular reaction to war
(6) Economic issues
THEREFORE
unavoidable: defending france against internal enemies eg Counnaire and emigre invasion
sqaushed
avaoidable: poor constiution meant relieance on military was fixable flaw in constituion. Directory
responsible for foreign policy but didnt have ability to declare war/peace
emigre threat-
what was it
what was the consequences
Emigre threat had never been significant, their armies were insubstantial and posed little threat without foreign support
States of the first coalition did not take emigres seriously, their aim to restore absolute monarchy was unrealistic and undesirable
Verona Declaraction
OCTOBOR 17795
declared himself king (Verona Dec) as louis 17 died so and wanted to restore estates system and return land to emigres/refractory proiests. No one wanted ancien regime back. So actually royalist movement died doen. my guy doesnt know how to read the room
Revolt in the provinces and reaction to conscription
Chouannerie and the invasion of Quiberon Bay
Re-emergence of unrest in the Vendee
-The chouannerie and reaction to quiberron bay
WHAT WAS IT
HOW DID THE GOV DEAL WITH THIS
WHAT WAS THE CONSEQUENCES?
-Greatest emigre threat inspired by uprising in Brittany in 1794 against the forces of Turreau
-Led by Jean Chouan
-Anti jac obin, royalist reaction (greater threat than white terror)
-Rebel leaders sought British and emigre support
28 JUNE 1795: army of 3,000 emigres and British troops landed at Quiberon Bay on south coast of Brittany
-Republican general Hoche had been warned, met arrival with large force of soldiers that outnumbered emigres by 8:1. 6,000 Prisoners taken, including rebels and chouans
-Hoche provided with 140,000 men to suppress Chouannerie uprising and by SUMMER 1796, the Chouannerie was defeated
it was embarrassing invasion - shitty preparation
Re-emergence of unrest in the Vendee
Communities resented civil constitution of clergy - despite directory reintroducing freedom of religion .
Position of peasant not improved. costly land leases being exacerbated by the bad winter 1795
Comte D’Artois in britain seeking help for emigres cause.
Sep 1795, took a fleet to capture the of isle of yue, off the coast of the vendee. British didint back him
It wasnt a serious threat, it was local, limited leadership, prevent further revolts.
The Impact of the war
-French military succes- After Battle of Fleurs French conquered and occupied Austrian Netherlands.Napolean command of Italian campaign 1796-7- v successful. Treaty of Campo-Formio1797 set out terms for Austria’s surrender, decided independently by Napoleon.
REACTION TO CONSCRIPTION AND REOLT IN THE PROVINCES
- 1792-93: ……..fervour for war.
- 1795 France is in a …..position in the war now and there are calls for the war to …..
- Former ……. in councils call for end
- Famine 1795. 3000 French soldiers ….. in Pyrenées.
- 11 April 1796 – …….. began campaign to defeat Austria via Italy.
- 1797: Treaty of Campo-….. signed. Napoleon had personally negotiated Austria’s surrender. France has beaten First Coalition (minus Britain). War could end but…
- Napoleon launches the ….. campaign against British interests. Directory ….. for continuing war.
- 1798-9: …. of uprisings in French provinces after new ….. law passed on 5 September 1798
patriotic….strong…..end……Feuillants…..deserted….Napoleon…..Campo-Formio….Egypt….backlash….wave….conscription
War breeds War
-french profits from rev wars- but - vicious circle needing more territory, more soldiers conscripted, more opposition.
- As France occupied more land, more soldiers were required to occupy and maintain order
- Very little of the profits made from war reached Paris. Only 1/4 of indemnities from Napoleon’s italian campaign were sent to directory as profits had to be spent on army
- Constant need for money=constant need to conquer more territories
- Reliance of army gave more power to generals who began to act independent of directory, sometimes for the sake of their own wealth and power
