Wars of the Roses (All), 1450-1471 Flashcards
After which battle had the blood feud between the sons of fallen Lancastrians and the Yorkists started?
First Battle of St. Albans (1455)
Alleged ‘Mortimer’ associations with the leader of which rebellion had made many suspicious of York?
Jack Cade
Approximately how many senior Lancastrians were executed by the Yorkists after the Battle of Hexham?
Thirty
At the end of which month was Richard of York made protector for the first time?
March 1454
At what battle was Richard of York killed?
Wakefield
At what battle were the English finally and permanently defeated in Gascony in July 1453?
Castillon
At which battle did Edward IV’s army crushed the Lincolnshire rebellion led by Sir Robert Welles?
Losecoat Field
At which battle did Edward of March first demonstrate his leadership skills on 2 February 1461?
Mortimer’s Cross
At which battle did Warwick lose possession of Henry VI at on 17 February 1461?
Second Battle of St Albans
At which battle in December 1460 did Margaret of Anjou’s forces kill Richard of York?
Wakefield
At which battle in July 1460 did Warwick’s forces capture Henry VI?
Northampton
At which battle of 15 May 1464 did forces led by John Neville decisively defeat the Lancastrians?
Hexham
At which battle on 26 July 1469 were the forces of Edward IV’s supporters defeated by Robin of Redesdale?
Edgecote
At which battle outside Calais in April 1460 were Somerset’s forces defeated by Warwick’s?
Newnham Bridge
At which crossing of the River Severn did Edward IV finally catch Queen Margaret’s forces on 3rd May 1471?
Tewkesbury
At which Great Council in October 1456 were unsuccessful attempts made to put York on trial?
Coventry
At which place was Richard of York forced to surrender to royal forces in March 1452?
Dartford
By when had most of York’s appointees to government been replaced with ‘Lancastrian’ ones?
October 1456
Cade’s complaint explicitly denied that the rebels intended to replace Henry VI with whom?
Richard of York
Constableships of Aberystwyth and which other castle were transferred from York to Jasper Tudor on 21 April 1457?
Carmarthen
Control of which group enabled Suffolk to dominategovernment in the 1440s?
King’s household
For how many years did Henry VI banish Suffolk in an attempt to save his life?
Five
From what position was George Neville humiliatingly dismissed in 1467?
Chancellor
From which Lancastrian supporting family were Lords Rivers and Scales pardoned by Edward IV in July 1461?
Woodvilles
How long did Warwick spend with York in Ireland planning for their invasion?
Two months
How many formal complaints were made by the Jack Cade’s Rebellion?
Fifteen
How many Yorkists were attainted at the Parliament of Devils?
Twenty-seven
How much money did Edward IV raise to finance his forces against Scottish invasion in 1463?
£10,000
How much money had been advanced by the government to Somerset for the defence of France?
£25,000
How much money was advanced to Warwick in a loan by the Staplers of Calais?
£18,000
How much money was Richard of York owed after spending his own to defend France in the 1440s?
£38,000
How much money was Somerset entitled to in an annual annuity from the exchequer?
£2,000
How much money was York entitled to in an annual annuity from the exchequer?
£1,000
How much was Richard of York granted as a settlement for his role in the First Protectorate and a payoff from the Second Protectorate?
£1,800
How much was the crown’s debt increasing by each year?
£20,000
Imports of what into England fell to barely a quarter of what they had been after the war with France restarted?
Wine
In the early part of what year did Somerset and Henry VI tour England punishing York’s supporters from the Dartford incident?
1453
In what year did Edward IV begin to negotiate for possible alliances with Burgundy and France?
1467
In what year did Richard Woodville become Earl Rivers and Treasurer of England?
1466
In what year had the Commons granted Edward IV £62,000 for a war in France that he had not undertaken?
1468
In what year had the Speak of the House of Commons complained about disorder in the realm?
1467
In what year was Normandy lost to the French?
1450
In which city did Richard Neville remain when Edward IV arrived seeking battle in late March 1471?
Coventry
In which county did Queen Margaret’s ‘northern’ army plunder Grantham and Stamford?
Lincolnshire
In which part of England did William Hastings establish a degree of regional dominance?
Midlands
In which region did Warwick raise the majority of his forces from in 1461?
The Midlands
In whose hands were the Calais garrison at the start of the First Protectorate?
Somerset’s deputies (Lords Welles and Rivers)
Merchants of which city were knighted in unprecedented numbers (18) by Edward IV?
London
On what day did Warwick’s forces capture a ship with vital money for the forces besieging Calais?
16 March 1460
On which side of the war had Elizabeth Woodville’s first husband fought?
Lancastrian
Refusal for Queen Margaret to enter which city shows that the country felt the effects of her regionalism?
London
The author of which chronicle, written after 1478, said that by 1469 people were disillusioned with Yorkist rule?
Warkworth
The loss of control of Normandy led to increases in what?
French piracy
The treachery of which nobles was revealed by the rebels after the Battle of Losecoat Field?
Clarence and Warwick
Through what bloodline could Richard of York claim a better royal title than Henry VI?
Mortimer
Trade in what increased from 4,976 sacks in 1461 to 9,316 sacks in 1469?
Wool
Trade in what was dominated by Edward IV, gaining him £6,500 in 1467-68 alone?
Tin
What aided the Yorkists and impeded the Lancastrian archers at the Battle of Towton?
Wind (and Snow)
What annual annuity did Queen Margaret personally pay to Edmund Beaufort from November 1451 onwards?
100 marks
What began with the deaths of the predominant leaders including Northumberland, Somerset and Clifford?
Blood Feuds
What blocked English trade to Germany and the Baltic in retaliation for English piracy, prompting anger from Cade’s rebels?
Hanseatic League
What children did Elizabeth Woodville already have before the royal marriage?
Two sons
What deal was made between Warwick and Margaret of Anjou in late July 1470?
Angers Agreement
What developed in late summer 1463 in fifteen English counties due to Edward IV’s perceived inactivity?
Riots
What did Edward IV use to bypass the Exchequer, creating a more informal and flexible system of finance?
King’s Chamber
What did Jack Cade change his surname to?
Mortimer
What did Margaret arguably turn the conflict into, between the Lancastrian North and the Yorkist South?
Regional War
What did Margaret create in January 1457, in the name of her son, that allowed her to reward her followers?
prince’s council
What did Margaret of Anjou begin to establish in 1456 when she moved the court to Coventry?
Her power base
What did Margaret unsuccessfully attempt to claim in 1453-54 during Henry VI’s madness?
Regency
What did much of the nobility think was the nature of York’s quarrel with Somerset despite his protestations?
personal
What did Queen Margaret promise to surrender to the Scots in return for their aid in January 1461?
Berwick
What did Queen Margaret shift the focus of in March 1458 onto the results of St Albans not the causes, reinforcing Yorkist blame?
Loveday
What did Queen Margaret surrender, as per her deal, to the Scots on 25 April 1461?
Berwick
What did Somerset do in with the support of King Henry VI in Kent, January 1451?
Punish Jack Cade Rebels
What did Somerset’s government refuse to accept even though it was done posthumously?
Attainder of Suffolk
What did the city authorities do to prevent Margaret of Anjou entering London in 1461?
Barred the gates
What did the disinheritance of the Lancastrian line from the Act of Accord in 1460 turn the conflict in 1461 into?
Dynastic conflict
What did the government send to Gascony in 1451?
Limited expedition
What did the Lancastrian army fail to do at the battle of Towton, likely due to poor planning beforehand?
retreat safely
What did the Lancastrian regime cause by focusing its power and support in the midlands and north?
Regional Polarisation
What did the Yorkists regard as violated after the Second Battle of St. Albans?
Act of Accord
What did Warwick do to members of the Calais garrison he caught that had deserted him at Ludford Bridge?
Execute them
What did Warwick participate in against French and Castilian shipping in early 1460?
Piracy
What did William Crowmer, former Sheriff of Kent, become notorious for?
Corruption
What did York give to people other than just those that supported him, which lead to more noble support in later 1455?
Grants
What easily abused system was Edward IV still reliant on for delivery of justice?
Bastard Feudalism
What economic act did 11 statutes of the Parliament of 1463-65 actively promote?
Protectionism
What event on 24 March 1458 superficially attempted to heal the divisions between the nobles?
Loveday
What feud did Somerset temporarily resolve in Coventry, September 1452?
Courtenay-Bonville
What formal office was Somerset assigned to in 1451 to York’s great annoyance?
Captain of Calais
What happened to Henry VI which led to Richard of York’s First Protectorate?
Madness
What illness prevented Edward IV from leading his army against the Lancastrians in 1462?
Measles
What innovation of Edward IV’s visited crown estates and ensured they were properly audited?
Crown commisioners
What is the period of opposition to Edward IV’s rule between 1461 and 1464 often known as?
Lancastrian resistance
What led to a large number of Lancastrian deaths and the collapse of morale at Barnet?
mistaken identity
What name is given to the new peerage that Edward IV created to serve him from the Yorkist gentry?
New Yorkists
What office did York grant to himself in 1454 after removing it from Somerset?
Captain of Calais
What phenomenon did Edward of March convince his men represented the Holy Trinity at Mortimer’s Cross?
‘Sun Dog’
What ‘plundered’ St. Albans Abbey before being barred from London?
Margaret’s ‘northern’ army
What position held by York from December 1447 prevented him from personally intervening to aid his Norman affinity?
Lieutenant of Ireland
What propaganda defence was written supporting the harsh measures against the Yorkists from the ‘parliament of devils’?
Somnium Vigilantis
What symbol, formerly associated with the deposed Richard II, was used as the name of the inn where Cade stayed?
White Hart
What term was used by York to describe the collective group of the realm?
‘communitas’
What term was used by York to describe the common good?
‘commonweal’
What territorial loss was linked to Jack Cade’s Rebellion?
Normandy
What title did Edward IV refuse to grant to his cousin, Richard Neville?
Duke of Warwick
What title did John Neville gain for his loyal service in 1464?
Earl of Northumberland
What title is sometimes given to Edward IV due to his personal interest/involvement in trade?
Merchant King
What title was given to William Herbert, Warwick’s rival for power in Wales, in 1468?
Earl of Pembroke
What title was John Neville given by Edward IV in compensation for the loss of his earldom along with lands in the South-West?
Marquess of Montagu
What type of grant was made in the Reading Parliament showing Somerset’s control?
Taxation
What was England’s sole surviving possession in France after 1453?
Calais
What was forfeited to the crown from the Yorkists and their families in November 1459?
Lands and Goods
What was inflicted upon 113 people for their support for the Lancastrians between 1459 and 1461?
Attainder
What was secured by Richard of York after the Yorkist victory at the First Battle of St. Albans?
Second Protectorate
What was signed with France in 1444 when Suffolk’s faction was dominant?
Treaty of Tours
What was Suffolk effectively controlling for the king which created a conflict of interest for him as a noble?
Duchy of Lancaster
What was the First Battle of the Wars of the Roses in 1455, where Somerset and Northumberland were killed?
First Battle of St Albans
What was the government able block in the Reading parliament?
Petition for reform
What was the king’s household widely accused of by 1450?
Corruption
What was the name of Margaret of Anjou’s child with Henry VI?
Edward, Prince of Wales.
What was the name of the Duke of Somerset who succeeded his father in 1455?
Henry Beaufort
What was the name of the Earl of Devon who succeeded his father in 1455?
John Courtenay
What was the punishment given to the Duke of Exeter and Lord Egremont for their rebellion against the First protectorate?
Fines
What was the sole English possession in France by 1453, it had a highly trained garrison?
Calais
What was the total debt of the English Crown by 1450?
£372,000
What was York’s northern campaign launched to stop resistance to?
Act of Accord
What was violated by the killing of York, and thus legitimised Edward IV’s claim to the throne?
Act of Accord
What were issued against 113 people including 14 lords (7 of whom were already dead) in 1461?
Attainders
What were not held between 1456 and 1459, for fear of York’s popularity with the Commons?
parliaments
What were the Yorkists declared to be at the Parliament of Devils?
Rebels/Traitors
When did Cade change his surname to Mortimer?
June 1450
When did Clarence and Warwick defy a summons from Edward Iv and flee to France?
April 1470
When did Clarence and Warwick issue their manifesto calling for the reform of the realm?
12 July 1469
When did Edward IV depart from London in a successful attempt to catch Margaret’s forces before they could enter Wales?
23rd April 1471
When did Edward IV gain entry to London unopposed and take possession of Henry VI?
11th April 1471
When did Edward IV return in triumph to London after defeating the Lancastrians at Tewkesbury?
21st May 1471
When did Edward IV write from Yorkshire that he expected Warwick to invade Kent?
7 September 1470
When did Edward of March arrive at London?
27 February 1461
When did George of Clarence marry Isabel Neville in defiance of Edward IV’s orders?
11 July 1469
When did Henry VI descend into a period of madness, leading ultimately to York’s first protectorate?
August 1453
When did Henry VI recover his sanity?
Christmas 1454
When did Margaret Beaufort and Henry Stafford marry, further securing the support of the Staffords for the Lancastrians?
January 1458
When did Margaret’s forces win the second battle of St. Albans?
17 February 1461
When did negotiations for a marriage alliance between England and France collapse due to Edward IV’s secret marriage?
1464
When did Queen Margaret and Edward of Lancaster land at Weymouth in South West England?
14th April 1471
When did Queen Margaret leave London and establish a power base in the midlands?
April 1456
When did Richard of York formally become protector for the second time?
November 1455
When did Richard of York return from Ireland claiming a conspiracy against him and his family?
September 1450
When did Richard of York’s first protectorate end?
February 1455
When did Richard of York’s second period as Protector end?
February 1456
When did Richard of York’s ‘second protectorate’ end?
25 February 1456
When did Somerset return to his former Lancastrian allegiance?
Early 1464
When did the Act of Accord come into effect?
October 1460
When did the Battle of Ferrybridge take place?
28 March 1461
When did the Battle of Towton take place?
29 March 1461
When did the Battle of Wakefield take place?
30 December 1460
When did the first rumblings of Robin of Redesdale’s rebellion occur?
May 1469
When did the Lancastrian government unsuccessfully appeal for loans?
March 1460
When did the so-called ‘parliament of devils’ first meet in Coventry?
20 November 1459
When did the Somerset-supporting Reading Parliament happen?
March 1453
When did the York-supporting Commons in parliament petition for action to be taken against Somerset?
November 1450
When did Warwick’s forces raid Sandwich carrying off many ships and the Woodvilles?
15 January 1460
When did York capture the Duke of Exeter for challenging his first protectorate?
July 1454
When did York raise an army from the Welsh border that marched to London against royal orders?
Early 1452
When had Margaret of Anjou first tried to interest Louis XI in exploiting political rifts in England?
February 1465
When had Somerset been granted the post of Lieutenant of France to replace York?
1447
When in 1462 did Henry VI and Margaret return to Bamburgh castle in England?
25-Oct
When was a Great Council meeting held in Coventry to which the Yorkists were not offered a safe conduct and do not seem to have attended?
June 1459
When was another expedition sent to Gascony after the failures in 1451?
Autumn 1452
When was Edward IV forced to reveal that he was secretly married to Elizabeth Woodville?
September 1464
When was Henry Percy restored as Earl of Northumberland, angering John Neville, Warwick’s brother?
March 1470
When was Henry VI captured by the Yorkists near Clitheroe?
July 1465
When was Jack Cade’s Rebellion?
May-July 1450
When was John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford, executed for treason by Edward IV?
26 February 1462
