Wars of the Roses (All), 1450-1471 Flashcards
1
Q
After which battle had the blood feud between the sons of fallen Lancastrians and the Yorkists started?
A
First Battle of St. Albans (1455)
2
Q
Alleged ‘Mortimer’ associations with the leader of which rebellion had made many suspicious of York?
A
Jack Cade
3
Q
Approximately how many senior Lancastrians were executed by the Yorkists after the Battle of Hexham?
A
Thirty
4
Q
At the end of which month was Richard of York made protector for the first time?
A
March 1454
5
Q
At what battle was Richard of York killed?
A
Wakefield
6
Q
At what battle were the English finally and permanently defeated in Gascony in July 1453?
A
Castillon
7
Q
At which battle did Edward IV’s army crushed the Lincolnshire rebellion led by Sir Robert Welles?
A
Losecoat Field
8
Q
At which battle did Edward of March first demonstrate his leadership skills on 2 February 1461?
A
Mortimer’s Cross
9
Q
At which battle did Warwick lose possession of Henry VI at on 17 February 1461?
A
Second Battle of St Albans
10
Q
At which battle in December 1460 did Margaret of Anjou’s forces kill Richard of York?
A
Wakefield
11
Q
At which battle in July 1460 did Warwick’s forces capture Henry VI?
A
Northampton
12
Q
At which battle of 15 May 1464 did forces led by John Neville decisively defeat the Lancastrians?
A
Hexham
13
Q
At which battle on 26 July 1469 were the forces of Edward IV’s supporters defeated by Robin of Redesdale?
A
Edgecote
14
Q
At which battle outside Calais in April 1460 were Somerset’s forces defeated by Warwick’s?
A
Newnham Bridge
15
Q
At which crossing of the River Severn did Edward IV finally catch Queen Margaret’s forces on 3rd May 1471?
A
Tewkesbury
16
Q
At which Great Council in October 1456 were unsuccessful attempts made to put York on trial?
A
Coventry
17
Q
At which place was Richard of York forced to surrender to royal forces in March 1452?
A
Dartford
18
Q
By when had most of York’s appointees to government been replaced with ‘Lancastrian’ ones?
A
October 1456
19
Q
Cade’s complaint explicitly denied that the rebels intended to replace Henry VI with whom?
A
Richard of York
20
Q
Constableships of Aberystwyth and which other castle were transferred from York to Jasper Tudor on 21 April 1457?
A
Carmarthen
21
Q
Control of which group enabled Suffolk to dominategovernment in the 1440s?
A
King’s household
22
Q
For how many years did Henry VI banish Suffolk in an attempt to save his life?
A
Five
23
Q
From what position was George Neville humiliatingly dismissed in 1467?
A
Chancellor
24
Q
From which Lancastrian supporting family were Lords Rivers and Scales pardoned by Edward IV in July 1461?
A
Woodvilles
25
How long did Warwick spend with York in Ireland planning for their invasion?
Two months
26
How many formal complaints were made by the Jack Cade's Rebellion?
Fifteen
27
How many Yorkists were attainted at the Parliament of Devils?
Twenty-seven
28
How much money did Edward IV raise to finance his forces against Scottish invasion in 1463?
£10,000
29
How much money had been advanced by the government to Somerset for the defence of France?
£25,000
30
How much money was advanced to Warwick in a loan by the Staplers of Calais?
£18,000
31
How much money was Richard of York owed after spending his own to defend France in the 1440s?
£38,000
32
How much money was Somerset entitled to in an annual annuity from the exchequer?
£2,000
33
How much money was York entitled to in an annual annuity from the exchequer?
£1,000
34
How much was Richard of York granted as a settlement for his role in the First Protectorate and a payoff from the Second Protectorate?
£1,800
35
How much was the crown's debt increasing by each year?
£20,000
36
Imports of what into England fell to barely a quarter of what they had been after the war with France restarted?
Wine
37
In the early part of what year did Somerset and Henry VI tour England punishing York's supporters from the Dartford incident?
1453
38
In what year did Edward IV begin to negotiate for possible alliances with Burgundy and France?
1467
39
In what year did Richard Woodville become Earl Rivers and Treasurer of England?
1466
40
In what year had the Commons granted Edward IV £62,000 for a war in France that he had not undertaken?
1468
41
In what year had the Speak of the House of Commons complained about disorder in the realm?
1467
42
In what year was Normandy lost to the French?
1450
43
In which city did Richard Neville remain when Edward IV arrived seeking battle in late March 1471?
Coventry
44
In which county did Queen Margaret's 'northern' army plunder Grantham and Stamford?
Lincolnshire
45
In which part of England did William Hastings establish a degree of regional dominance?
Midlands
46
In which region did Warwick raise the majority of his forces from in 1461?
The Midlands
47
In whose hands were the Calais garrison at the start of the First Protectorate?
Somerset's deputies (Lords Welles and Rivers)
48
Merchants of which city were knighted in unprecedented numbers (18) by Edward IV?
London
49
On what day did Warwick's forces capture a ship with vital money for the forces besieging Calais?
16 March 1460
50
On which side of the war had Elizabeth Woodville's first husband fought?
Lancastrian
51
Refusal for Queen Margaret to enter which city shows that the country felt the effects of her regionalism?
London
52
The author of which chronicle, written after 1478, said that by 1469 people were disillusioned with Yorkist rule?
Warkworth
53
The loss of control of Normandy led to increases in what?
French piracy
54
The treachery of which nobles was revealed by the rebels after the Battle of Losecoat Field?
Clarence and Warwick
55
Through what bloodline could Richard of York claim a better royal title than Henry VI?
Mortimer
56
Trade in what increased from 4,976 sacks in 1461 to 9,316 sacks in 1469?
Wool
57
Trade in what was dominated by Edward IV, gaining him £6,500 in 1467-68 alone?
Tin
58
What aided the Yorkists and impeded the Lancastrian archers at the Battle of Towton?
Wind (and Snow)
59
What annual annuity did Queen Margaret personally pay to Edmund Beaufort from November 1451 onwards?
100 marks
60
What began with the deaths of the predominant leaders including Northumberland, Somerset and Clifford?
Blood Feuds
61
What blocked English trade to Germany and the Baltic in retaliation for English piracy, prompting anger from Cade's rebels?
Hanseatic League
62
What children did Elizabeth Woodville already have before the royal marriage?
Two sons
63
What deal was made between Warwick and Margaret of Anjou in late July 1470?
Angers Agreement
64
What developed in late summer 1463 in fifteen English counties due to Edward IV's perceived inactivity?
Riots
65
What did Edward IV use to bypass the Exchequer, creating a more informal and flexible system of finance?
King's Chamber
66
What did Jack Cade change his surname to?
Mortimer
67
What did Margaret arguably turn the conflict into, between the Lancastrian North and the Yorkist South?
Regional War
68
What did Margaret create in January 1457, in the name of her son, that allowed her to reward her followers?
prince's council
69
What did Margaret of Anjou begin to establish in 1456 when she moved the court to Coventry?
Her power base
70
What did Margaret unsuccessfully attempt to claim in 1453-54 during Henry VI's madness?
Regency
71
What did much of the nobility think was the nature of York's quarrel with Somerset despite his protestations?
personal
72
What did Queen Margaret promise to surrender to the Scots in return for their aid in January 1461?
Berwick
73
What did Queen Margaret shift the focus of in March 1458 onto the results of St Albans not the causes, reinforcing Yorkist blame?
Loveday
74
What did Queen Margaret surrender, as per her deal, to the Scots on 25 April 1461?
Berwick
75
What did Somerset do in with the support of King Henry VI in Kent, January 1451?
Punish Jack Cade Rebels
76
What did Somerset's government refuse to accept even though it was done posthumously?
Attainder of Suffolk
77
What did the city authorities do to prevent Margaret of Anjou entering London in 1461?
Barred the gates
78
What did the disinheritance of the Lancastrian line from the Act of Accord in 1460 turn the conflict in 1461 into?
Dynastic conflict
79
What did the government send to Gascony in 1451?
Limited expedition
80
What did the Lancastrian army fail to do at the battle of Towton, likely due to poor planning beforehand?
retreat safely
81
What did the Lancastrian regime cause by focusing its power and support in the midlands and north?
Regional Polarisation
82
What did the Yorkists regard as violated after the Second Battle of St. Albans?
Act of Accord
83
What did Warwick do to members of the Calais garrison he caught that had deserted him at Ludford Bridge?
Execute them
84
What did Warwick participate in against French and Castilian shipping in early 1460?
Piracy
85
What did William Crowmer, former Sheriff of Kent, become notorious for?
Corruption
86
What did York give to people other than just those that supported him, which lead to more noble support in later 1455?
Grants
87
What easily abused system was Edward IV still reliant on for delivery of justice?
Bastard Feudalism
88
What economic act did 11 statutes of the Parliament of 1463-65 actively promote?
Protectionism
89
What event on 24 March 1458 superficially attempted to heal the divisions between the nobles?
Loveday
90
What feud did Somerset temporarily resolve in Coventry, September 1452?
Courtenay-Bonville
91
What formal office was Somerset assigned to in 1451 to York's great annoyance?
Captain of Calais
92
What happened to Henry VI which led to Richard of York's First Protectorate?
Madness
93
What illness prevented Edward IV from leading his army against the Lancastrians in 1462?
Measles
94
What innovation of Edward IV's visited crown estates and ensured they were properly audited?
Crown commisioners
95
What is the period of opposition to Edward IV's rule between 1461 and 1464 often known as?
Lancastrian resistance
96
What led to a large number of Lancastrian deaths and the collapse of morale at Barnet?
mistaken identity
97
What name is given to the new peerage that Edward IV created to serve him from the Yorkist gentry?
New Yorkists
98
What office did York grant to himself in 1454 after removing it from Somerset?
Captain of Calais
99
What phenomenon did Edward of March convince his men represented the Holy Trinity at Mortimer's Cross?
'Sun Dog'
100
What 'plundered' St. Albans Abbey before being barred from London?
Margaret's 'northern' army
101
What position held by York from December 1447 prevented him from personally intervening to aid his Norman affinity?
Lieutenant of Ireland
102
What propaganda defence was written supporting the harsh measures against the Yorkists from the 'parliament of devils'?
Somnium Vigilantis
103
What symbol, formerly associated with the deposed Richard II, was used as the name of the inn where Cade stayed?
White Hart
104
What term was used by York to describe the collective group of the realm?
'communitas'
105
What term was used by York to describe the common good?
'commonweal'
106
What territorial loss was linked to Jack Cade's Rebellion?
Normandy
107
What title did Edward IV refuse to grant to his cousin, Richard Neville?
Duke of Warwick
108
What title did John Neville gain for his loyal service in 1464?
Earl of Northumberland
109
What title is sometimes given to Edward IV due to his personal interest/involvement in trade?
Merchant King
110
What title was given to William Herbert, Warwick's rival for power in Wales, in 1468?
Earl of Pembroke
111
What title was John Neville given by Edward IV in compensation for the loss of his earldom along with lands in the South-West?
Marquess of Montagu
112
What type of grant was made in the Reading Parliament showing Somerset's control?
Taxation
113
What was England's sole surviving possession in France after 1453?
Calais
114
What was forfeited to the crown from the Yorkists and their families in November 1459?
Lands and Goods
115
What was inflicted upon 113 people for their support for the Lancastrians between 1459 and 1461?
Attainder
116
What was secured by Richard of York after the Yorkist victory at the First Battle of St. Albans?
Second Protectorate
117
What was signed with France in 1444 when Suffolk's faction was dominant?
Treaty of Tours
118
What was Suffolk effectively controlling for the king which created a conflict of interest for him as a noble?
Duchy of Lancaster
119
What was the First Battle of the Wars of the Roses in 1455, where Somerset and Northumberland were killed?
First Battle of St Albans
120
What was the government able block in the Reading parliament?
Petition for reform
121
What was the king's household widely accused of by 1450?
Corruption
122
What was the name of Margaret of Anjou's child with Henry VI?
Edward, Prince of Wales.
123
What was the name of the Duke of Somerset who succeeded his father in 1455?
Henry Beaufort
124
What was the name of the Earl of Devon who succeeded his father in 1455?
John Courtenay
125
What was the punishment given to the Duke of Exeter and Lord Egremont for their rebellion against the First protectorate?
Fines
126
What was the sole English possession in France by 1453, it had a highly trained garrison?
Calais
127
What was the total debt of the English Crown by 1450?
£372,000
128
What was York's northern campaign launched to stop resistance to?
Act of Accord
129
What was violated by the killing of York, and thus legitimised Edward IV's claim to the throne?
Act of Accord
130
What were issued against 113 people including 14 lords (7 of whom were already dead) in 1461?
Attainders
131
What were not held between 1456 and 1459, for fear of York's popularity with the Commons?
parliaments
132
What were the Yorkists declared to be at the Parliament of Devils?
Rebels/Traitors
133
When did Cade change his surname to Mortimer?
June 1450
134
When did Clarence and Warwick defy a summons from Edward Iv and flee to France?
April 1470
135
When did Clarence and Warwick issue their manifesto calling for the reform of the realm?
12 July 1469
136
When did Edward IV depart from London in a successful attempt to catch Margaret's forces before they could enter Wales?
23rd April 1471
137
When did Edward IV gain entry to London unopposed and take possession of Henry VI?
11th April 1471
138
When did Edward IV return in triumph to London after defeating the Lancastrians at Tewkesbury?
21st May 1471
139
When did Edward IV write from Yorkshire that he expected Warwick to invade Kent?
7 September 1470
140
When did Edward of March arrive at London?
27 February 1461
141
When did George of Clarence marry Isabel Neville in defiance of Edward IV's orders?
11 July 1469
142
When did Henry VI descend into a period of madness, leading ultimately to York's first protectorate?
August 1453
143
When did Henry VI recover his sanity?
Christmas 1454
144
When did Margaret Beaufort and Henry Stafford marry, further securing the support of the Staffords for the Lancastrians?
January 1458
145
When did Margaret's forces win the second battle of St. Albans?
17 February 1461
146
When did negotiations for a marriage alliance between England and France collapse due to Edward IV's secret marriage?
1464
147
When did Queen Margaret and Edward of Lancaster land at Weymouth in South West England?
14th April 1471
148
When did Queen Margaret leave London and establish a power base in the midlands?
April 1456
149
When did Richard of York formally become protector for the second time?
November 1455
150
When did Richard of York return from Ireland claiming a conspiracy against him and his family?
September 1450
151
When did Richard of York's first protectorate end?
February 1455
152
When did Richard of York's second period as Protector end?
February 1456
153
When did Richard of York's 'second protectorate' end?
25 February 1456
154
When did Somerset return to his former Lancastrian allegiance?
Early 1464
155
When did the Act of Accord come into effect?
October 1460
156
When did the Battle of Ferrybridge take place?
28 March 1461
157
When did the Battle of Towton take place?
29 March 1461
158
When did the Battle of Wakefield take place?
30 December 1460
159
When did the first rumblings of Robin of Redesdale's rebellion occur?
May 1469
160
When did the Lancastrian government unsuccessfully appeal for loans?
March 1460
161
When did the so-called 'parliament of devils' first meet in Coventry?
20 November 1459
162
When did the Somerset-supporting Reading Parliament happen?
March 1453
163
When did the York-supporting Commons in parliament petition for action to be taken against Somerset?
November 1450
164
When did Warwick's forces raid Sandwich carrying off many ships and the Woodvilles?
15 January 1460
165
When did York capture the Duke of Exeter for challenging his first protectorate?
July 1454
166
When did York raise an army from the Welsh border that marched to London against royal orders?
Early 1452
167
When had Margaret of Anjou first tried to interest Louis XI in exploiting political rifts in England?
February 1465
168
When had Somerset been granted the post of Lieutenant of France to replace York?
1447
169
When in 1462 did Henry VI and Margaret return to Bamburgh castle in England?
25-Oct
170
When was a Great Council meeting held in Coventry to which the Yorkists were not offered a safe conduct and do not seem to have attended?
June 1459
171
When was another expedition sent to Gascony after the failures in 1451?
Autumn 1452
172
When was Edward IV forced to reveal that he was secretly married to Elizabeth Woodville?
September 1464
173
When was Henry Percy restored as Earl of Northumberland, angering John Neville, Warwick's brother?
March 1470
174
When was Henry VI captured by the Yorkists near Clitheroe?
July 1465
175
When was Jack Cade's Rebellion?
May-July 1450
176
When was John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford, executed for treason by Edward IV?
26 February 1462
177
When was Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, able to gain possession of Calais?
July 1456
178
When was Richard of York's northern campaign launched?
Late 1460
179
When was Somerset assaulted by a mob and placed in the Tower of London for his own protection?
December 1450
180
When was Suffolk arrested as unrest grew throughout the country?
28 January 1450
181
When was the Battle of Losecoat Field?
12 March 1470
182
When was the battle of Mortimer's Cross?
2 February 1461
183
When was the First Battle of St. Albans?
22 May 1455
184
When was the Norman capital Rouen surrendered to the French by Suffolk's ally, the Duke of Somerset?
October 1449
185
When was Warwick appointed warden of the East and West Marches on the Scottish border?
July 1461
186
When was Warwick finally able to take up his post as Captain of Calais?
July 1456
187
When were charges brought against two Yorkists after they raised forces against Edmund Tudor?
April 1457
188
When were the English ports Rye and Winchelsea burnt down by the French?
1448
189
Where did 12 Lancastrian lords swear to uphold Margaret's deal with Scotland in January 1461?
York
190
Where did Anti-Yorkist forces gather in late 1460 to oppose the Act of Accord?
Hull
191
Where did Edward IV catastrophically linger after putting down a rebellion in August 1470?
Yorkshire
192
Where did Edward IV leave on 29 July, unaware that his army had been defeated, and into the possession of Warwick?
Nottingham
193
Where did Edward IV ride to, to fight and defeat the much larger force led by Warwick on 14th April 1471?
Barnet
194
Where did Edward IV successfully evade the forces led by John Neville that had been sent to intercept him?
Pontefract
195
Where did Henry Percy's death have a short-term calming effect during York's Second Protectorate?
North of England
196
Where did Henry VI, unusually spend more than half the time between September 1456 and July 1460?
Midlands
197
Where did Jack Cade's Rebellion originate?
Kent
198
Where did Queen Margaret relocate the government to in 1456, alienating the citizens of London?
Coventry
199
Where did Richard of York and Rutland flee to in 1459 after Ludford Bridge?
Ireland
200
Where did the Irish parliament that supported York sit between February and July 1460?
Drogheda
201
Where did the Lancastrian royal family flee to after the Battle of Towton?
Scotland
202
Where did the majority of the soldiers return to after Normandy fell?
South East England (Kent)
203
Where did Warwick, Salisbury and Edward of March flee to in 1459 after Ludford Bridge?
Calais
204
Where did York tour in October 1450 gathering armed support from the Duke of Norfolk?
East Anglia
205
Where did Yorkist forces apprehend the royal army on 22 May 1455?
St Albans
206
Where had Warwick been promised lands by Louis XI in return for getting England to declare war on Burgundy?
Holland and Zealand
207
Where in England did Edward IV land on 14th March 1471 after deciding to reclaim the throne?
Ravenspur
208
Where in May 1461 did Edward IV seize the lands of 20 lords and gentry 6 of these were attainted?
Northamptonshire
209
Where on 3 April 1471 did Clarence, with a host of 12,000, joined forces with his brother, Edward IV, who forgave him?
Banbury
210
Where was a base of support for the Lancastrians under Jasper Tudor's leadership in 1461?
Wales
211
Where was a Great Council planned for late May 1455 that the Yorkists feared?
Leicester
212
Where was Exeter and Egremont's rebel forces defeated by Sir Thomas and Sir John Neville in late October 1454?
Stamford Bridge
213
Where was Lancastrian rebellion raised in June 1461 and put down by the bishop of Durham?
Brancepath
214
Where was local violence particularly bad, primarily due to a unresolved feud between Courtenay and Bonville?
Devon
215
Where was Owen Tudor executed by Edward of March after Mortimer's Cross?
Hereford
216
Where was Queen Margaret when her army defeated Richard of York at Wakefield?
Lincluden (Scotland)
217
Where was Richard of York threatened at a Great Council held in October 1456?
Coventry
218
Where was Suffolk's body found after his ship was intercepted by English rebels in May 1450?
Kent
219
Where was the tournament between England and Burgundy that cemented their alliance in 1467?
Smithfield
220
Where was York forced to take a humiliating public oath of allegiance to Henry VI after Dartford in 1452?
St Paul's Cathedral
221
Where were Edmund and John Beaufort and other Lancastrian nobles dragged from and executed two days after the battle?
Tewkesbury Abbey
222
Where were Jasper Tudor and Henry Holland's forces defeated in October 1461?
Caernarvon
223
Where were Salisbury's forces intercepted by Lord Audley on 23 September 1459?
Blore Heath
224
Where were there major disturbances in 1455 due to its gentry being too independent and powerful?
Wales
225
Where were Welsh Lancastrian rebels defeated by John Donne and Roger Vaughan on 4 March 1464?
Dryslwyn
226
Where, in London, did Edward IV display Warwick's body for three days in 1471 to prove that he was dead?
St. Paul's cathedral
227
Which ally of York's became Chancellor of England in April 1454?
Earl of Salisbury
228
Which battle followed the battle of Blore Heath and led to the flight the Yorkists from England in October 1459?
Ludford Bridge
229
Which battle on 15 April 1450 was a decisive defeat for English forces in Normandy?
Formigny
230
Which battle took place on 25 April 1464 as Lancastrians attempted to block Anglo-Scottish negotiations?
Hedgeley Moor
231
Which bishop of Durham and former supporter of Queen Margaret supported Edward IV?
Lawrence Booth
232
Which bishop of Exeter declared Edward of March's title as king on 1 March 1461?
George Neville
233
Which bishop of Salisbury, associated with Suffolk and the king's marriage, was murdered in Wiltshire in June 1450?
William Ayscough
234
Which Breton duke was driven into an alliance with Charles VII of France by the attack on Fougeres in March 1449?
Francis I
235
Which Breton town was captured by Suffolk's captain, Francois de Surienne, on 29 March 1449, breaking the truce with the French?
Fougeres
236
Which brother of Elizabeth was scandalously married to Warwick's 65-year-old aunt, the Duchess of Norfolk?
John Woodville
237
Which brother-in-law of Edward IV received very little from the new king?
John de la Pole
238
Which brother-in-law of Edward IV was not heavily rewarded by the king?
Duke of Suffolk
239
Which brother-in-law of Warwick led a rebellion in the north riding of Yorkshire in late July 1470?
Lord FitzHugh of Ravensworth
240
Which castle was recaptured for the Lancastrians by William Tailboys in winter 1461?
Alnwick
241
Which chaplain of the queen became Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield in 1459?
John Hale
242
Which city opened its gates to Edward IV in 1471 after he promised he only came to reclaim his paternal inheritance and not the crown?
York
243
Which city was supportive of the Yorkist lords due to unpopular Lancastrian restrictions on trade?
London
244
Which confessor of Henry VI replaced Archbishop Thomas Bourchier as Chancellor on 11 October 1456?
William Waynflete
245
Which corrupt supporter of Suffolk's, and father-in-law of William Crowmer, was killed by Cade's rebels?
Lord Saye
246
Which country did Richard of York flee to after the Yorkist defeat at Ludford Bridge?
Ireland
247
Which cousin of the former Earl of Northumberland repeatedly betrayed Edward IV despite being pardoned?
Sir Ralph Percy
248
Which daughter of Warwick did Edward of Lancaster marry to secure their alliance?
Anne Neville
249
Which Earl of Shrewsbury from a formerly Lancastrian family was reconciled with Edward IV?
John Talbot
250
Which Earl of Wiltshire was executed by the Yorkists after the Battle of Towton?
James Butler
251
Which eldest son of the 12th Earl of Oxford was executed for treason by Edward IV in February 1462?
Aubrey de Vere
252
Which event in November-December 1459 witnessed the attainder of the Yorkists?
Parliament of Devils
253
Which experienced warrior and uncle of Warwick led the Yorkist vanguard at Towton?
Lord Fauconberg
254
Which famed Lancastrian military captain was killed at the Battle of Towton?
Andrew Trollope
255
Which family (including the Archbishop of Canterbury) were excluded from the Great Council of June 1459 due to their Yorkist sympthies?
Bourchiers
256
Which family came to support York from 1453 due to family ties and their rivalry with the Percies?
The Nevilles
257
Which family rose up in support for Henry VI in the Yorkshire dales in 1464?
Cliffords
258
Which family which Edward IV would later marry in to were pardoned by him in 1461?
Woodvilles
259
Which former Scottish ally of Margaret of Anjou died in 1463?
Mary of Guelders
260
Which French general rescued the Lancastrian garrison of Alnwick on 5 January 1463?
Pierre de Breze
261
Which gentry dispute in the north Midlands was Buckingham able to arbitrate successfully during York's Second Protectorate?
Vernon-Gresley
262
Which government official was killed by a mob of unpaid soldiers at Portsmouth on 9 January 1450?
Adam Moleyns
263
Which group favoured Richard of York and was hostile to the household, as demonstrated in 1450?
The 'mob'
264
Which heir to the Mortimer claim resented being kept out of the King's inner circle between 1451 and 1453?
Richard of York
265
Which illegitimate Neville attempted to attack London in May 1471 during Edward IV's absence?
Thomas Fauconberg
266
Which important office was Warwick appointed to in 1455?
Captain of Calais
267
Which influential family became firmly committed to the Yorkists prior to the Battle of Towton?
Bourchiers
268
Which influential family of later York supporters remained loyal to the court until 1453?
Nevilles
269
Which influential group at the heart of government did Somerset control?
King's household
270
Which Lancastrian general was allowed to leave Alnwick unhindered by Warwick in January 1463?
Lord Hungerford
271
Which Lancastrian leader and enemy to Richard of York was slain at the First Battle of St Albans?
Edmund Beaufort
272
Which Lancastrian leader escaped Towton and was sent to seek aid from Louis XI of France?
Henry Beaufort (Somerset)
273
Which Lancastrian Northamptonshire knight was pardoned in March 1464 but plotted against Edward IV in 1468?
Thomas Tresham
274
Which local gentry dispute in Derbyshire did York try to deal with in 1454?
Longford-Blount feud
275
Which lord, in addition to Somerset and Northumberland, was killed at St Albans?
Lord Clifford
276
Which loyal supporter of Richard of York was attainted at the Reading parliament in 1453?
Sir William Oldhall
277
Which major Norman city did Somerset surrender in October 1449 in order to secure his personal freedom?
Rouen
278
Which member of the Neville family had a large row with York after he claimed the throne?
Warwick
279
Which member of the Neville house organised Edward's entry to London in March 1461?
George, bishop of Exeter
280
Which merchant was persecuted by the Woodvilles in 1468 because he would not sell goods to Jacquetta at a loss?
Thomas Cook
281
Which mighty Welsh stronghold remained in Lancastrian hands until 1468?
Harlech
282
Which moderate noble family was removed from prominence in government by the end of 1456?
Bourchiers
283
Which Neville supporter led the Cumberland rising against Edward IV in late July 1470?
Richard Sulkeld
284
Which New Yorkist assisted Warwick in arranging the truce with France in 1463?
Lord Wenlock
285
Which New Yorkist was at various times treasurer of Calais and England before marrying Warwick's aunt?
Walter Blount (Mountjoy)
286
Which New Yorkist was Edward IV's best friend and chamberlain, controlling access to the king?
William Hastings
287
Which New Yorkist was given enormous amounts of land and power in Wales?
William Herbert
288
Which noble became increasingly powerful in the North West and joined the 1463 force against the Scots?
Thomas Stanley
289
Which noble family emerged as more dangerously powerful than ever after Towton?
Nevilles
290
Which noble family rampaged through Devon between October and December 1455?
Courtenays
291
Which noble family, alienated by a feud with Somerset and hostile to his Percy allies had become strong Yorkists by the end of 1453?
Nevilles
292
Which noble was most heavily rewarded for his loyalty and the service of his family to the Yorkists?
Richard Neville
293
Which noble, whose defection had been significant at Northampton still received little from Edward IV?
Lord Grey of Ruthyn
294
Which Norman city, held by a follower of York for him, waslost in June 1450, arguably due to Somerset's cowardice?
Caen
295
Which northern city refused to open its gates to Edward IV shortly after he landed?
Hull
296
Which of 'Suffolk's men' were acquitted and faced no punishment?
Thomas Daniel and John Trevelyan
297
Which of York's sons supported his father in his row with Warwick over the claim to the throne?
Rutland
298
Which papal legate was persuaded to support the Yorkist cause and joined their 1460 invasion?
Francesco Coppini
299
Which part of England was difficult to pacify because of its long rule by the Percy family?
North East
300
Which place was raided by the Scots in June 1461 but defended by John Neville?
Carlisle
301
Which potential 'Lancastrian' heiress did Suffolk marry to his son John in early 1450?
Margaret Beaufort
302
Which private feud did Richard of York try to solve in 1454?
Courtenay-Bonville
303
Which pro-French war uncle of Henry VI was Suffolk widely blamed for the death of in 1447?
Humphrey of Gloucester
304
Which prominent Earl of Northumberland was killed at the Battle of Towton?
Henry Percy
305
Which prominent financier and mentor of Suffolk had becomedominant in England by the 1440s before dying in 1447?
Cardinal Beaufort
306
Which prominent Yorkist was later accused of inciting the Jack Cade's rebels in order to put York on the throne?
Sir William Oldhall
307
Which rebel commander led a last resistance to the Yorkist forces at Bamburgh until July 1464?
Sir Ralph Grey
308
Which recently restored noble aided Edward IV by failing to take action against him soon after his landing in March 1471?
Henry Percy
309
Which royal favourite was killed at the First Battle of St. Albans on 22 May 1455?
Edmund Beaufort
310
Which Scottish king's sister did Margaret seek to arrange a marriage to Prince Edward?
James III
311
Which servant of Lord Bonville was murdered in October 1455, reigniting the feud between him and Devon?
Nicholas Radford
312
Which sheriff of Devon was unsuccessfully commissioned in February 1460 to destroy Warwick's fleet?
Sir Baldwin Fulford
313
Which shire remained turbulent since Cade's rebellion and was sympathetic to the Yorkists?
Kent
314
Which sister of Edward IV was married to Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy in 1468?
Margaret of York
315
Which sister of Elizabeth was married to Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, in 1465?
Catherine Woodville
316
Which sister of Elizabeth was married to the son and heir of William Herbert in 1467?
Mary Woodville
317
Which son of Elizabeth Woodville was married to Anne Holland, heiress to the Duke of Exeter?
Thomas Grey
318
Which son of Henry VI was born in October 1453?
Edward of Wales
319
Which steeply banked stream behind the Lancastrian line at Towton hindered their escape?
Cock Beck
320
Which supporter of Queen Margaret was made Keeper of the Privy Seal in September 1456?
Lawrence Booth
321
Which supporter of Warwick led the Yorkshire rebellion of 1469 under the name Robin of Redesdale?
Sir John Conyers
322
Which supporter of York's was sent to the Tower in May 1451 for suggesting in parliament that York be formally recognised as Henry VI's heir?
Thomas Young
323
Which territory was Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, (and Suffolk's 'government')blamed for losing by 1450?
Normandy
324
Which territory was surrendered to the French by the Suffolk-dominated government in 1448?
Maine
325
Which title was given to John Neville's son by Edward IV in an attempt to maintain his loyalty?
Duke of Bedford
326
Which two household men with close ties to Suffolk were specifically mentioned as corrupt enemies by the rebels?
Thomas Daniel and John Trevelyan
327
Which two Lancastrian supporters recruited forces for Queen Margaret in the South West of England?
Somerset and Devon
328
Which two Yorkists were executed at the Second battle of St. Albans?
Lord Bonville and Sir Thomas Kyriell
329
Which uncle of Warwick's became earl of Kent until his death in 1463?
William Neville
330
Which Yorkist lords were killed with York at the Battle of Wakefield?
Rutland and Salisbury
331
Which Yorkist noble cleverly moved through back lanes and gardens at St Albans, catching the royal force by surprise?
Earl of Warwick
332
Which young earl of Shrewsbury was not attainted and came to accept Yorkist rule?
John Talbot
333
Who allegedly sat and sang under a tree at the Second Battle of St Albans?
Henry VI
334
Who attacked the possessions of the Yorkist Sir Thomas Burgh, sparking the Lincolnshire rebellion in Spring 1470?
Sir Robert Welles
335
Who attempted to prevent George of Clarence from defying his brother in June 1469?
Cecily, Duchess of York
336
Who became archbishop of York in 1465?
George Neville
337
Who blocked Margaret's attempts to punish Warwick for the violence involving his servants in November 1458?
Henry VI
338
Who defected from Warwick's forces to support Henry VI's forces at Ludford Bridge?
Andrew Trollope
339
Who defected to support the Yorkists at Northampton after secret communications with Warwick?
Lord Grey
340
Who descended into madness in early August 1453 and was completely unresponsive?
Henry VI
341
Who did Dunstanborough and Bamburgh castles surrender to on Christmas Eve 1462?
Warwick
342
Who did Edward IV make a truce with in December 1463 to cut off aid to the Lancastrian resistance?
James III of Scotland
343
Who did Edward IV make a truce with in October 1463 to cut off aid to the Lancastrian resistance?
Louis XI of France
344
Who did Edward IV secretly marry in May 1464?
Elizabeth Woodville
345
Who did Edward IV send away from him in July 1469 because their unpopularity threatened his safety?
Woodvilles
346
Who did Edward IV unsuccessfully attempt to persuade to return to his side in late Summer 1470?
George of Clarence
347
Who did Edward of March defeat and execute after the Battle of Mortimer's Cross?
Owen Tudor
348
Who did Margaret seek an alliance with against the Yorkists?
The Scots
349
Who did Parliament declare to blame for the Battle at St Albans in 1455 (along with two other minor household men)?
Somerset
350
Who did Queen Margaret rely on to raise an army in Wales that her forces could join?
Jasper Tudor
351
Who did Richard of York make a deal with in order to secure the payment of the garrison at Calais in February 1456?
Merchants of the Staple
352
Who did Richard of York try, unsuccessfully, to put on trial in 1454?
Edmund Beaufort
353
Who did the king's household fear would destroy them if they did not protect Somerset?
Richard of York
354
Who did Warwick and Fauconberg defeat at the battle of Ferrybridge?
Lord Clifford
355
Who did Warwick lose possession of at the Second battle of St. Albans?
Henry VI
356
Who did York appoint as his loyal deputy when he left Ireland in late summer 1460?
Earl of Kildare
357
Who did York fail to gain support for his cause to reform government in 1454?
The Lords
358
Who did York make Captain of Calais in 1455?
Warwick
359
Who did York negotiate with when he was in exile in Ireland in early 1460?
James II of Scotland
360
Who distrusted York's claim to be speaking for the 'commonweal' of the 'communitas'?
Lords
361
Who emerged as a loyal Lancastrian supporter in South Wales but then died in November 1456?
Edmund Tudor
362
Who exploited his office in Wales for maximum financial gain and earned out of criminal activities with impunity?
Gruffudd ap Nicholas
363
Who fled England on 10 February 1461 as the Lancastrians approached London?
Francesco Coppini
364
Who fled to France, with her young son, after the collapse of the Lancastrian resistance?
Margaret of Anjou
365
Who had many of the rebels in the north in 1470 also followed in 1469?
Robin of Redesdale
366
Who had secretly offered Holland and Zealand to Warwick in return for his support by 1469?
Louis XI
367
Who had Warwick attempted to marry Edward IV to in 1464?
Bona of Savoy
368
Who held most of the Beaufort lands, leaving Somerset reliant on royal favour?
Margaret Beaufort
369
Who helped to keep Wales loyal to the Lancastrians after the defeat at Towton?
Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke
370
Who invaded England in support of the Lancastrians in the summer of 1463?
Scots
371
Who is known as the 'kingmaker' to historians?
Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick
372
Who performed the marriage of George of Clarence and Isabel Neville in Calais in July 1469?
George Neville
373
Who plotted to kill York during the First Protectorate?
Exeter and Egremont
374
Who prepared to defend London and the readeption regime by having Henry VI paraded through the streets of the capital?
George Neville
375
Who provided the queen and Henry VI with sanctuary immediately after the defeat at Towton?
Mary of Guelders
376
Who raised a military force for Margaret in Cheshire in the Autumn 1459 under the Swan badge of the Prince of Wales?
Lord Audley
377
Who received the offices and estates in Wales that Warwick had given to himself in August 1469?
Richard of Gloucester
378
Who received vast lands including the confiscated honours of Richmond and Tutbury?
George, Duke of Clarence
379
Who replaced Henry Bourchier as Treasurer on 5 October 1456?
John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury
380
Who returned to London from Normandy on 1 August 1450, taking over leadership of the king's household?
Edmund Beaufort (Somerset)
381
Who successfully opposed York's planned protectorate but then died in March 1454?
Cardinal Kemp
382
Who surrendered to the Yorkists on Christmas Eve 1462 was pardoned and restored to his lands and dignities in spring 1463?
Henry Beaufort
383
Who temporarily recovered Bordeaux for England in 1453?
Earl of Shrewsbury
384
Who unsuccessfully attempted to claim the regency on behalf of her new-born son in February 1454?
Queen Margaret
385
Who was alleged to have been scheming to place Richard ofYork on the throne as early as March 1450?
Sir William Oldhall
386
Who was appointed to replace Warwick as Captain of Calais on 9 October 1459?
Henry Beaufort
387
Who was appointed to the commission of oyer and terminer to deal with Redesdale's uprising?
Warwick
388
Who was captured by Yorkist forces at the First Battle of St Albans?
Henry VI
389
Who was commissioned in March 1460 to defeat Warwick's ships but failed to intercept them?
Henry Holland
390
Who was Edward of March attempting to stop from joining up with other Lancastrians in the North in late 1460?
Jasper Tudor
391
Who was found at fault in the Courtenay-Bonville feud in 1454, and York then lost his support?
Thomas Courtenay, Earl of Devon
392
Who was found hiding in a coal pit with £2,000 from the Lancastrian war chest after the Battle of Hexham?
Sir William Tailboys
393
Who was given the honour of fighting the Bastard of Burgundy at the 1467 tournament?
Anthony Woodville
394
Who was hacked to death without mercy at Tewkesbury despite appealing to his brother-in-law, the Duke of Clarence, for mercy?
Edward of Lancaster
395
Who was Henry VI unpopularly married to in 1445, for which Suffolk was unfairly blamed?
Margaret of Anjou
396
Who was immediately restored to favour by Henry VI in early 1455?
Somerset
397
Who was in exile attempting to gain support for the Lancastrians in France and Brittany from 1462 onwards?
Jasper Tudor
398
Who was killed whilst trying to escape from the battlefield at Barnet on 14th April 1471?
Richard Neville
399
Who was left about at Bywell Castle, twelve miles west of Newcastle, by Somerset before the Battle of Hexham?
Henry VI
400
Who was murdered on the night of 21st May 1471, almost certainly on the orders of Edward IV?
Henry VI
401
Who was replaced at Calais by Edward IV in Summer 1470 because he had previously been close to Warwick?
Sir John Wenlock
402
Who was seeking papal support for a marriage between Clarence and Isabel Neville against royal orders?
George Neville
403
Who was sent by Edward IV to safely escort Scottish diplomats to York in spring 1464?
John Neville
404
Who was summoned to the king's court to explain his acts of piracy as Captain of Calais in November 1458?
Earl of Warwick
405
Who was the Duke of Buckingham who fought against York in the First Battle of St Albans but participated in the Second Protectorate?
Humphrey Stafford
406
Who was the Earl of Northumberland who sided with Somerset and was killed fighting alongside him at the First Battle of St Albans?
Henry Percy
407
Who was the Earl of Wiltshire that intervened to support Lord Bonville against Courtenay in 1454?
James Butler
408
Who was the hated and corrupt former sheriff of Kent?
William Crowmer
409
Who was the mother of York through which he could claim descent from the second son of Edward III, Lionel of Clarence?
Anne Mortimer
410
Who was the third son of Edward III through whom both Henry VI and Somerset could claim descent?
John of Gaunt
411
Who was the violent Duke of Exeter that allied with Lord Egremont to undermine York's rule in May 1454?
Henry Holland
412
Who was Thomas Percy, the younger son of the Earl of Northumberland, who allied with Exeter against York in 1454?
Lord Egremont
413
Who was very slow to react to indications of the treason of Warwick and Clarence in July 1469?
Edward IV
414
Who were incensed when the Lancastrian government attempted to seize their ships?
Venetians
415
Who were the daughters and only heirs of Richard Neville that he was desperate to marry to high status nobles?
Isabel and Anne
416
Who, along with Sir Walter Devereux, campaigned successfully against Jasper Tudor in Wales in 1461?
William Herbert
417
Who, along with Humphrey Stafford, the Earl of Devon, was executed by the rebels after Edgecote in 1469?
William Herbert
418
Who, along with the Earl of Devon, was the only significant noble supporter of York before 1453?
Duke of Norfolk
419
Who, along with Warwick, produced a manifesto in July 1469 criticising the Woodvilles and New Yorkists?
George of Clarence
420
Who, as a result of his father's death, continued the Yorkist claim to the throne?
Edward, Earl of March
421
Whose candidate was chosen, even ahead of the king's nomination to be the new Bishop of Durham in 1457?
Queen Margaret
422
Whose daughter was married to Shrewsbury's in July 1458, further binding Lancastrian lords together?
Duke of Buckingham
423
Whose death in December 1460 gave Margaret the perfect opportunity to march south?
Richard of York
424
Whose forces won the Second battle of St. Albans?
Margaret of Anjou
425
Whose inaction and disinterest arguably forced Suffolk to operate in a manner that was bound to fail eventually?
Henry VI
426
Whose late arrival at Towton reinforced the Yorkists and helped defeat the Lancastrians?
John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk
427
Whose manor was sacked by his Derbyshire neighbours in 1454?
Sir William Blount
428
Whose personal bravery saved the left wing of his army from collapse at Towton?
Edward IV
429
Whose son and heir was married to Queen Margaret's cousin Marie in 1457 to secure the family's support?
Earl of Devon
430
Whose son lost out on a planned marriage to Anne Holland due to Thomas Grey, the king's step-son?
John Neville
431
Whose warnings did Edward IV allegedly ignore in Summer 1470?
Charles of Burgundy
432
Whose wife and young sons George and Richard fell into the king's possession in late 1459?
Richard of York
433
Why did Lords Devon and Somerset in particular have a grudge against the Yorkists?
Blood Feud
434
Why was Edward of March sent west to the Welsh borders in the Northern Campaign of late 1460?
To recruit men for his father
435
Why was Margaret particularly opposed to the Act of Accord?
It disinherited her son.
436
With what organisation did Edward IV undertake a damaging trade war starting on July 26 1468?
Hanseatic League
437
With whom did Edward IV arrange a truce in December 1463, cutting off their support to the Lancastrians?
James III of Scotland
438
With whom did Edward IV arrange a truce in October 1463, cutting off their support to the Lancastrians?
Louis XI of France
439
With whom did Warwick arrange a vital three month truce in November 1459?
Philip of Burgundy
440
With whom was Richard of York involved in a confrontation with, on behalf of the crown, from May to August 1456?
James II of Scotland
441
With whom, in 1448, was York made a joint trustee for a piece of land in Essex, suggesting at least a working relationship?
Somerset (Edmund Beaufort)
