Warfare Flashcards
Harsh Russian Winter
1855
How many lost at charge of the light brigade?
409
Roger Fenton’s image of ‘the valley of the shadow of death’
1855
Aberdeen government fell
Feb 1855
Horses surviving on handful of Barley a day by..
12th November
How many ships forced to ride out the storm?
22
Which ships sank in the storm?
Resolute-ammunition
Steamship Prince-nearly all supplies ordered by war office in August
Army medical department and Ordnance Medical Department almagameted into one department under…………..in………..
Dr Andrew Smith
Feb 1853
How many medical assistants per 100 men?
4
4 hospital ships in operation by…..
early 1855
How many did Scutari hospital accommodate?
6,000
When did the Castle hospital open and how many beds?
April 1855
2,500
Main form of treatment?
Amputation of shattered limbs.
Likelihood of death from amputation?
25% from shock or infection
Biggest problem for medical services?
Provision of clean water and sanitation
How many dies from wounds or disease?
16,297- more than those who dies in combat
What proportion of British army died from disease in winter 1854-54?
More than a third- most deaths occured in hospitals
How many nurses was Nightingale accompanied to the crimea with?
38
Nightingale Fund
1860
When did Florence Nightingale arrive in Scutari?
Nov 1854
How much money raised in Nightingale Fund?
More than several million pounds by today’s standards?
When did Nightingale publish ‘Notes on Nursing’?
1860
Two major problems with army?
Mismanagement of supplies
Sharp division between officers and men
Cardwell Army Reforms
1870-71
The length of overseas service cut from 12 years to…?
6
How much per day were reserves paid?
4 pence
How many men in reserves?
35,000 whereas Prussia could put a million into the field.
Competitive examination as normal method of entry into the civil service instead of traditional methods of patronage.
1870 under Robert Lowe, Chancellor of the Exchequer
Who pressed for a bravery award that could be won by officers and men alike?
William Howard Russell
When did British army destroy Zulu power at the battle of Ulundi?
4th July 1879
How many British troops did Boers defeat at Majuba hill in feb 1881?
400
By 1898 what percentage of worl’d gold was being produced by the Transvaal?
27%
When was Tom Edgar (boiler maker from Bootle) murdered by Tranvaal Republic policemen?
Late 1898
How many British troops were stationed in India in 1899?
Between 60,000 and 70,000
How many British troops scattered in small imperial garrisons around the globe in 1899?
60,000
How many poorly trained volunteers who could not be legally sent abroad were there in 1899?
230,000
How many Yeomanry volunteers?
10,000
How much were regular soldiers paid a day?
1s
How many sergeants were asked to leave the Haymarket Theatre.?
3
How much meat were soldiers allowed?
3 quarters of a pound a day
What were the 3 Boer offensive that began the Boer war?
Mafeking
Kimberley
Ladysmith
How many British troops cut off at Ladysmith?
10,000
Black Week?
3 major defeats at Stormberg, Kimberly and Colenso
What did Black Week result in?
Kitchener and Field Marshall Lord Roberts sent to southern Africa
Who transformed the press world?
Alfred Harmsworth
When was the Daily Mail founded?
1896
Daily Mail had achieved unheard of sales figures by when?
End of 1899
What was the special train called that carried Daily Mail outside usual range of London dailies?
The South African Train
When was support for the war greatest?
1899-1900
There was a growing sentiment against the war by when?
Early 1901
Who said it was a capitalist war for the profits of mine owners?
Kier Hardies
What happened in the Khaki election?
Conservatives won 51% of the vote and 402 MPs compared to 184 Liberals, 82 Irish Nationalists and 2 for labour.
When was Committee of Imperial Defence announced?
March 1903
When did Lord Salisbury establish a Royal Commision under Lord Elgin?
1902
The Esher Report
Recommended Army council on model of Board of Admiralty
General Staff
Division of departmental responsibilities inside War Office on defined and logical principles
What changes were there affecting the life of ordinary soldiers?
Khaki standard peactime dress instead of Victorian scarlet
New weapons introduced- shortened Lee Enfield Rifle and quick firing field guns
When were old drill books replaced?
1904-1905
When was ‘Land of Hope and Glory’ composed?
1902
When was the union jack refounded?
1903
What was Tariff Reform?
imposition of duties on imported goods from outside the Empire
Who said imperialism was a by-product of capitalism and would inevitably produce conflit?
J.A Hobson
Only brought benefit to the few and damaged the interests of the majority
In Manchester, how many men rejected as physically unfit?
3 out of 5
What social reforms happened under the Liberal Government as a result of the war?
School Meals Act 1906
Provision of medical inspection of children 1907
National Insurance act 1911
When did Campbell-Bannerman introduce self government for 2 conquered states?
December 1906
South African Bill?
1909
When was legal fig-leaf treaty guaranteeing Belgium’s neutrality?
1939
When did Haig introduce tanks?
15th September
How many miles of territory gained at Battle of Arras?
4
How many mines exploded beneath german defences at Arras?
19
How far did British advance at Passchendaele?
7 miles
How many tanks used at Battle of Cambrai?
400
How far did British advance at Cambrai?
5 miles
When was the old battlefield of Ypres captured?
September
Lee Enfield Rifle?
Fire 15 rounds in one minute
Penetrate helmet at 400 yards
1915 each battalian equipped with 4 Vickers machine guns and how many by 1918?
64
How much did a stokers mortar cost?
£20
Every man was getting home leave after 6 months by when?
1918
What was aim of daily calorie intake for soldiers?
4193-less than french.
Lack of food in French army caused mutinies when?
1917
When was daily measure of rum introduced?
October 1914
Most units spent no more than how many days in the trenches?
8 days and no more than 2 days in firing line.
How many soldiers executed?
346
When was first recruiting drive?
7th August, Kitchener called for 100,000 volunteers to form his ‘New Armies’
First 100,000 enlisted by when?
25th August
By 25th September how many men had enlisted?
Half a million
How much were recruiters paid for each man enlisted?
2s 6d
National Registration Act
15th July 1915
Derby Scheme
11th october
What percentage of single men and married men not in ‘starred occupations’ failed to come forward?
38% single
54% married
Military Service Act
January 1916
When was military service act extended to include married men?
May 1916
What would happen to a conscientious objector if tribunal refused?
Sent to France to fight.
If refused to obey order, court martialled or sentenced to death
Army Order X
court martialled conscientious objectors had to be handed back to civilian authorities to be imprisoned
When was Pelham Committee founded?
June 1916
What happened to absolutists?
Imprisoned
By 1914 only 700 nurses employed in War Office, how many by 1918?
23,000
When was Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps founded?
Jan 1917
By end of war, how many women had served in WAAC?
over 57,000
How many women worked in Women’s Royal Naval Service?
Over 6,000
When did David Lloyd George set up Department of Information?
1917
When was ministry of information founded?
early 1918
Prevailing approach until May 1915 to correspondent was…?
Muzzle press
When were 4 leading correspondent invited to GHQ?
spring 1915
Colonel Repington (friend of commander-in-chief sir john french) published what famous articles and when?
Shell shortages in May 1915- power of press
What did Horatio Bottomley do?
Regularly warned public against the ‘enemy within’ and called for vendetta against every german in Britain
By 1918 how many war related films made?
700
When was munition of war act passed?
May 1915
How many women employed in railway industry?
over 65,000
What was the rise in cost of living?
27%
How many strikes in 1913 and 1916?
1,459
532
By when had almost all merchant ships been requisitioned by the Ministry of shipping?
1918
Bread very expensive?
twice the price in 1917 than it was in 1913
Board of Agriculture. 1917 how much pasture ploughed up for food crops?
2.1 million acres
When was Women’s Land Army founded?
January 1917
How many WLA members helped to bring in harvest in 1918?
only 16,000
How much per day did it cost the government to keep the war going?
£3.85m
How many British servicemen killed?
Nearly 750,000
Average working week reduced from what to what?
55 hours to 48 hours
Women over 30 given the vote in…?
1918
Representation of the People Act
1918
