war on terror

Question 1

9/11

Answer 1

o 9/11 Al-Qaeda terrorist cell launched four suicidal terrorist attack on America
♣ World Trade Centre NYC – twin towers (south and north)
♣ Pentagon Attack – Pentagon
♣ Rural Field near Pennsylvania – gone wrong as people aboard were aware of what was going on as they were informed since their flight was delayed

Question 2

russell and the chechens

Answer 2

• 2 wars
o 1994-1996 - Yeltsin
♣ Hostage at Budennovsk 1995
• 80 – 200 chechen invaded a hospital and took hostage
• 1,500 and 1.800 took hostage - 150 kids
♣ Hostage Crisis at Kizylar 1996
• Surprise attack on Russian air base
• Hostage crisis 26 died and 200 combatants did too
o 1999-present
♣ Nord-ost theatre siege 2002
• Chechen take control of it for 4 days
• 850 hostages
• 170 died
♣ Black widow suicide bombing 2003
• 4 suicde bombing attacks
• ‘black widow’ as they are women that lsot their husband in the chechyen war against Russia
• 88 people died from these
♣ beslan school siege 2004
• 4 day of hostage taking in a school
• 334 people died
o 186 children
• PUTIN BELIEVED THAT A FUNDAMENTALIST ISLAMIC GROUP WAS FORMING ACROSS THE WHOLE WORLD
o 9/11 just allowed people to believe him
• it can be seen that the second Chechnya war increased the number of deaths showing how 9/11 simply escalated the brutality of terrorist attacks
o simply be that 9/11 was an attack to show that the Islamist fundamentalist group was finally completed
o as it was completed a full scale force could have been used

Question 3

fletcher and faris end of secrecy

Answer 3

1. war on terror was simply escalated through the shift from age of secrecy to age of sharing as people were more aware of the events and it is easier to spread it around
   • 1930s Stalin purges claimed 3M died nobody knew about it + type of state terror
2. Twitter ‘twitterati’ analyse and create opposition to government, then tweet it and become opinion leaders
   o Egyptian pictures of tearing gas saying, ‘made in america’
3. Facebook was the most influential site in shaping the Egyptian uprising
   o Ghonim created the fb page ‘we are all Khaled said’ (a man killed under police custody)
4. Wikileaks expose leaks in democratic cables
   o E.g. Collateral Murder video – 17 iraqi civilians killed in the suburb of new Baghdad, Iraq
   • ISIS often uses twitter for threats and response of an attack
   o 2015 tweeted vs Rome, London and Washington
   • takes less than a minute for information to be shared and terror to be shared
   o e.g. Paris knife attack Saturday 12th of May 2018 was all filmed from somebody’s window in live stream
   o same as 9/11 first terrorist attack seen live

Question 4

patsman us exceptionalism

Answer 4

• 9/11 changed international relation only to the extent that it increased the importance of international security and changed the way the united states approached international relations
o US attacked first attack on US land
♣ declared a full scale war on terror – President George W Bush
♣ security has to be faced transnationally
a. bush asks other nations to either side them or be a threat to them
o doesn’t allow any country to be neutral cause it would be seen as a threat to the United States
b. reestablishment of article 5 of the nato charter
o attack on one = attack on all
o US exceptionalism became exclusive
♣ Exclusive in the sense that
• US uses all tis power to spread freedom and democracy
• Rejects nation building
• Security achieved through military means of sovereign state
♣ ‘axis of evil’ speech 2002
• iran, Iraq and north korea seen as threats to the united states
o achievement listed but no reference to western allies
• Exceptionalism was already part of the United States ever since the constitution was founded in 1787
o Discourse using strong words that allude to ‘evil’ and ‘enemy of the world’
o Use of social media help divulge the war on terror – not part of us exceptionalism before