War of the Roses quick facts and terms Flashcards
what was an affinity?
all of those associated with a particular noble, including his household and his indentured retainers
where did the english maintain a professional standing army of 4,000 men to defend?
calais
what was maintenance?
the requirement that a lord act to protect and promote the interests of those who worked for him
who were sheriffs?
the king’s representatives in the shires/counties. they represented his interests in their localities
what was a duke?
the most prestigious title in the nobility. it had originally been reserved for those blood related to the king.
what was ‘bastard feudalism’?
the use of money instead of land to reward the followers of nobles. it became more common in the 14th and 15th centuries
what was the main export of england?
the cloth/wool trade
who were the gentry?
the lesser landholding class, from which were drawn knights, esquires, and gentlemen
where did the english maintain a professional standing force of 300 men?
berwick
what was the king’s household?
informally influential people due to their constant access to the king
who were bishops?
senior priests. they were usually highly educated and therefore played an important part in english government
what was a parish?
a small area, usually the size of a village, under the spiritual authority of a local christian priest
what is a personal monarchy?
the idea that the king was directly involved in gvt and that the organisations/poeple that administered the country did so on his instruction
apart from the king, who was the largest landowner in the kingdom?
the english church
what was the exchequer?
a central government department responsible for the management of national revenues and for their disbursement
who became king of england in 1377 when he was only 10 years old, and was overthrown by Henry Bolingbroke in 1399?
richard II
what was chivalry?
the noble culture that valued demonstrating worth by, among other things, strength in combat
who were the plantagenets?
the royal dynasty that had ruled england since 1154
what was indenture?
a legal agreement, contract, or document, establishing a relationship based on service
what was the chancery?
central government writing office which produced the documents of government, including charters and writs
what was livery?
clothing worn by a servant or supporter of a particular noble to both show their support and to indicate that they were protected by a powerful man
what was a retainer?
a paid servant or follower of a noble
in what year did Henry VI officially begin his ‘personal rule’ of england?
1437
what was patronage?
the support given by a patron to his followers in money, offices, land, or some other form
what was parliament?
a temporary body summoned by kings to deal with the great business of the realm. it was composed of 2 chambers: the Lords and the Commons
when did Henry V die, leaving the Lancastrian dynasty vulnerable with his 9 month old son on the throne?
1422
which northern french territory was recaptured by the french in 1449 and 1450?
normandy
what was the southampton plot?
a conspiracy in 1415 aimed at killing henry v and replacing him with edmund mortimer. it was betrayed by mortimer himself, and its instigator, the earl of cambridge, was executed
who was the son of Henry Bolingbroke who became king in 1413?
Henry V
who was Margaret of Anjou?
a french princess that Henry VI married in 1445
who was a prominent financier and pro-peace counsellor of Henry VI’s early reign, who died in 1447?
Cardinal Beaufort
which french territory was surrendered by the english to the french in 1448?
maine
who was the brother of Henry V, whose death in 1435 weakened the position of the english in France?
John, Duke of Bedford
who were the Burgundians?
former allies of the english that switched to supporting the French due to the 1435 Treaty of Arras
who was the duke of suffolk under henry vi?
william de la pole
who seized the throne in 1399, beginning the lancastrian dynasty?
henry bolingbroke
who was the rich and powerful heir to the mortimer claim? he served faithfully and well in france but resented being kept out of the king’s inner circle
Richard of York
what is Bale’s Chronicle?
a source was written by an anonymous London annalist who provides a contemporary account of the 1450s and is critical about the Lancastrian regime’s failure to maintain law and order.
who was the king of england from 1422 until 1461?
henry vi
who was the french king until 1461 and was the chief rival to the lancastrians in france?
charles VII
what were the King’s Bench Ancient Indictments?
a source comprised of legal records from the king’s bench which was one of 2 central law courts in england
what was Jack Cade’s Rebellion?
a popular revolt in Kent in May 1450 which was connected to the loss of the French wars. the rebels marched on london and lotted the city. henry VI fled and it was finally contained.
what was Benet’s Chronicle?
a source which includes an account of the last years of Lancastrian rule up to 1462 that Benet did not write but incorporated into his work
who was Henry VI’s uncle and Protector of England? he was also fiercely opposed to the surrender of french land and a mentor to Richard of York
Humphrey of Gloucester
who was the duke of somerset from 1448 until 1455 and a favourite of Henry VI? He was also related to the king and was the rival of Richard of York?
Edmund Beaufort
what was the Chronicon Angliae?
an anonymous work written by a monk in the late 1450s. it is independent in its account of Henry VI’s reign from 1437, but ends before St Albans in May 1455
who was Adam Moleyns?
the unpopular bishop of chichester who was murdered by a mob at portsmouth in January 1450
what was the ship that intercepted suffolk as he attempted to flee into exile in 1450?
nicholas of the tower
what was the English Chronicle?
an anonymous work written not long after Edward IV’s seizure of the throne in 1461. it reflects yorkist propaganda regarding Henry VI an his regime
