War of the Roses quick facts and terms

Question 1

what was an affinity?

Answer 1

all of those associated with a particular noble, including his household and his indentured retainers

Question 2

where did the english maintain a professional standing army of 4,000 men to defend?

Answer 2

calais

Question 3

what was maintenance?

Answer 3

the requirement that a lord act to protect and promote the interests of those who worked for him

Question 4

who were sheriffs?

Answer 4

the king’s representatives in the shires/counties. they represented his interests in their localities

Question 5

what was a duke?

Answer 5

the most prestigious title in the nobility. it had originally been reserved for those blood related to the king.

Question 6

what was ‘bastard feudalism’?

Answer 6

the use of money instead of land to reward the followers of nobles. it became more common in the 14th and 15th centuries

Question 7

what was the main export of england?

Answer 7

the cloth/wool trade

Question 8

who were the gentry?

Answer 8

the lesser landholding class, from which were drawn knights, esquires, and gentlemen

Question 9

where did the english maintain a professional standing force of 300 men?

Answer 9

berwick

Question 10

what was the king’s household?

Answer 10

informally influential people due to their constant access to the king

Question 11

who were bishops?

Answer 11

senior priests. they were usually highly educated and therefore played an important part in english government

Question 12

what was a parish?

Answer 12

a small area, usually the size of a village, under the spiritual authority of a local christian priest

Question 13

what is a personal monarchy?

Answer 13

the idea that the king was directly involved in gvt and that the organisations/poeple that administered the country did so on his instruction

Question 14

apart from the king, who was the largest landowner in the kingdom?

Answer 14

the english church

Question 15

what was the exchequer?

Answer 15

a central government department responsible for the management of national revenues and for their disbursement

Question 16

who became king of england in 1377 when he was only 10 years old, and was overthrown by Henry Bolingbroke in 1399?

Answer 16

richard II

Question 17

what was chivalry?

Answer 17

the noble culture that valued demonstrating worth by, among other things, strength in combat

Question 18

who were the plantagenets?

Answer 18

the royal dynasty that had ruled england since 1154

Question 19

what was indenture?

Answer 19

a legal agreement, contract, or document, establishing a relationship based on service

Question 20

what was the chancery?

Answer 20

central government writing office which produced the documents of government, including charters and writs

Question 21

what was livery?

Answer 21

clothing worn by a servant or supporter of a particular noble to both show their support and to indicate that they were protected by a powerful man

Question 22

what was a retainer?

Answer 22

a paid servant or follower of a noble

Question 23

in what year did Henry VI officially begin his ‘personal rule’ of england?

Answer 23

1437

Question 24

what was patronage?

Answer 24

the support given by a patron to his followers in money, offices, land, or some other form

Question 25

what was parliament?

Answer 25

a temporary body summoned by kings to deal with the great business of the realm. it was composed of 2 chambers: the Lords and the Commons

Question 26

when did Henry V die, leaving the Lancastrian dynasty vulnerable with his 9 month old son on the throne?

Answer 26

1422

Question 27

which northern french territory was recaptured by the french in 1449 and 1450?

Answer 27

normandy

Question 28

what was the southampton plot?

Answer 28

a conspiracy in 1415 aimed at killing henry v and replacing him with edmund mortimer. it was betrayed by mortimer himself, and its instigator, the earl of cambridge, was executed

Question 29

who was the son of Henry Bolingbroke who became king in 1413?

Answer 29

Henry V

Question 30

who was Margaret of Anjou?

Answer 30

a french princess that Henry VI married in 1445

Question 31

who was a prominent financier and pro-peace counsellor of Henry VI’s early reign, who died in 1447?

Answer 31

Cardinal Beaufort

Question 32

which french territory was surrendered by the english to the french in 1448?

Answer 32

maine

Question 33

who was the brother of Henry V, whose death in 1435 weakened the position of the english in France?

Answer 33

John, Duke of Bedford

Question 34

who were the Burgundians?

Answer 34

former allies of the english that switched to supporting the French due to the 1435 Treaty of Arras

Question 35

who was the duke of suffolk under henry vi?

Answer 35

william de la pole

Question 36

who seized the throne in 1399, beginning the lancastrian dynasty?

Answer 36

henry bolingbroke

Question 37

who was the rich and powerful heir to the mortimer claim? he served faithfully and well in france but resented being kept out of the king’s inner circle

Answer 37

Richard of York

Question 38

what is Bale’s Chronicle?

Answer 38

a source was written by an anonymous London annalist who provides a contemporary account of the 1450s and is critical about the Lancastrian regime’s failure to maintain law and order.

Question 39

who was the king of england from 1422 until 1461?

Answer 39

henry vi

Question 40

who was the french king until 1461 and was the chief rival to the lancastrians in france?

Answer 40

charles VII

Question 41

what were the King’s Bench Ancient Indictments?

Answer 41

a source comprised of legal records from the king’s bench which was one of 2 central law courts in england

Question 42

what was Jack Cade’s Rebellion?

Answer 42

a popular revolt in Kent in May 1450 which was connected to the loss of the French wars. the rebels marched on london and lotted the city. henry VI fled and it was finally contained.

Question 43

what was Benet’s Chronicle?

Answer 43

a source which includes an account of the last years of Lancastrian rule up to 1462 that Benet did not write but incorporated into his work

Question 44

who was Henry VI’s uncle and Protector of England? he was also fiercely opposed to the surrender of french land and a mentor to Richard of York

Answer 44

Humphrey of Gloucester

Question 45

who was the duke of somerset from 1448 until 1455 and a favourite of Henry VI? He was also related to the king and was the rival of Richard of York?

Answer 45

Edmund Beaufort

Question 46

what was the Chronicon Angliae?

Answer 46

an anonymous work written by a monk in the late 1450s. it is independent in its account of Henry VI’s reign from 1437, but ends before St Albans in May 1455

Question 47

who was Adam Moleyns?

Answer 47

the unpopular bishop of chichester who was murdered by a mob at portsmouth in January 1450

Question 48

what was the ship that intercepted suffolk as he attempted to flee into exile in 1450?

Answer 48

nicholas of the tower

Question 49

what was the English Chronicle?

Answer 49

an anonymous work written not long after Edward IV’s seizure of the throne in 1461. it reflects yorkist propaganda regarding Henry VI an his regime