War and Peace Flashcards
Who were rival superpowers in the 1700s?
England and France
England and France both had…
colonies, navies, armies, wealth, and empires
Define Acadian
a francophone citizen of Acadia
Define assimilation
a culture is absorbed into a more dominant culture
Define bias
a personal like or dislike of something that is not necessarily based on fact
define bilingual
fluent in two languages
define deportation
people sent out of the country
define fact
information that can be accepted as correct and true
define fortress
a permanent military stronghold that often includes a town
define francophone
a person of french language and culture
define french-Canadian
a term used to refer to francophones
define superpower
a country that is more powerful than almost all other countries
define neutral
not wanting to take sides in a fight
define siege
a blockade of a city
define opinion
a person’s thoughts or beliefs about something
define treaty
a formal agreement between nations
define Le Grand Derangement
the great deportation of the Acadians
Who were often at war with one another?
France and England
What did France and England go to war for?
they both wanted more colonies and the resources they contained, including territories in north america
between what dates were France and England almost always at war?
1690-1793
when did the seven years war break out?
1756
Who was the seven years war between?
French and English
How many french colonists lived along the St Lawrence river?
50 000
by what year where most of the population born in New France?
1750
what brought new France security?
soldiers supplied by France
where were New Frances two mighty fortresses?
Quebec and Louisburg
How did the English outnumber the French in New France?
with the thirteen colonies
who did the English want to trade with for more farmland?
First Nations
what did the English want control over and why?
the Atlantic region, because it produces lots of codfish, and control of the St. Lawrence river, which was the gateway to the continent
What are the British strengths?
- most powerful navy
- military supplies from colonies
- allies with the Haudenosaunee
What are the French strengths?
- most powerful army
- fortresses
- many first nation allies
What were the Briitish weaknesses?
- not used to forest warfare
- a challenge to capture french fortresses
- 13 colonies bickered
what were the French weaknesses?
- supplies had to come from France
- huge territory to defend
- only had one entrance route (St. Lawrence river)
- leaders couldn’t agree on how to defend their territory
where and when did the war for North America begin?
In Ohio river valley in 1754
who was defeated in the war for North America?
British General George Washington was defeated by the French
what did the British prime minister, William Pitt, promise to send in order to fight the French?
ships, shoulders, and money
When did Acadia change control several times?
in the 17th century
when did the British gain control of most of Acadia?
1713
what did the British change Acadia to?
Nova Scotia
what language and religion did the Acadians practice under British ruling?
language = French religion = Catholic
what did the British want to populate Nova Scotia with?
people who spoke English
what worried the British regarding the Acadians and why?
that they would side with the French because they had always refused to swear loyalty to the British crown
What did the Acadians have to do in order to keep their land?
agree to an oath to swear loyalty to the British crown
Did the Acadians take the oath offered by the British?
they wanted to remain neutral and refused to take the oath, even though they did not want to lose their land
in what year did Governor Lawrence order that the inhabitants of Nova Scotia be removed?
1755
What did the British soldiers do to deport the Acadians?
they rounded up the people at gunpoint, put them on ships then burned their homes, churches and farms
where did the Acadians end up after being deported from Nova Scotia?
New England colonies, Caribbean, France, England, New Orleans, Louisiana. Others went into hiding or died in the process from disease, starvation or drowning.
in all, how many Acadians were deported?
10,000
What did England realize that they needed to do in order to gain control of New France?
they would have to capture the fortresses of Lousiberg and Quebec
when was Louisburg sieged?
1758
for how many weeks did the British cut off Louisburg from supplies and reinforcements?
7
what caused the french to surrender in the capture of Louisburg?
The loss of access to their resources, caused by the British
in what year did James Wolfe sail up the St. Lawrence river?
1759
who led the British troops in the Plains of Abraham?
James Wolfe
how many ships, soldiers and sailors did James Wolfe bring with him when sailing up the St Lawrence?
ships = 200 soilders = 9,000 sailors = 18,000
for how many months did James Wolfe fight against Montcalm?
3
what did Montcalm have to protect his territory?
6,000 troops and a stone fortress that could not be taken easily
on what day did Wolfe decide to attack the French on the Plains of Abraham?
September 12, 1759
how did the British surprise the French when dawn broke at the Plains of Abraham?
they assembled during the night just outside of the city gates
what is the Plains of Abraham known as?
the bloodiest battle ever fought on Canadian soil
how many troops did Montcalm lead out to meet the British on the Plains of Abraham?
4,000
what happened to Wolfe and Montcalm during the battle on the Plains of Abraham?
they were both killed
how long did it take for the French to retreat?
around 15 minutes
what date did the French surrender New France to the British and where?
September 8, 1760, at Montreal
who was deeply involved in the wars between the French and English?
the First Nations
when did France and England make peace by signing a treaty?
in 1763
What did the peace treaty give England?
possession of North America
what did First Nations start losing after the peace process, and what did this cause them to consider?
they started to lose their land and began considering going to war against the British
who was the leader of the Odawa people and what did he convince other First Nations to do?
Pontiac, who convinced First Nations to join together
When did Pontiac attack the British fort at Detroit?
May of 1763
Who won Pontiacs attack on the British fort at Detroit?
the British
what happened after the wars?
The Canadiens, English and First Nations peoples would have to figure out a way to live in peace
When did France and Britain sign the Treaty of Paris?
in 1763
what did the Treaty of Paris officially do?
end the conflict between France and England
what did the Treaty of Paris force the French to give up?
Quebec
In exchange for Quebec, what did the British give the French?
Guadeloupe in the Caribbean
What are the only parts of New France that still remained under French control after the signing of the Treaty of Paris?
the tiny islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon off the coast of Newfoundland
When did King George the third sign a proclamation?
1763
what did New France become?
the province of Quebec
what did the province of Quebec become?
much smaller
what was Quebec’s interior set aside for?
First Nations
what were French laws replaced with
British laws
what was the military government replaced with
a civil government
what did the British government consist of?
governer and council of advisors
what could not the catholic church do
could not tithe or be in government
what did the British realize?
they had to pay attention to the demands of the First Nations
what did the Royal Proclamation set aside for the First Nations?
a huge area of land that Europeans could not colonize
why did the British attempt to turn Quebec into a British colony fail?
because the French had a strong sense of identity
what did the Quebec act introduce?
Bilingualism (allowed for the two official languages of French and English)
Did Quebec become smaller or larger with the Quebec Act?
It became larger and expanded to the size it was as a colony.
In the Quebec act what was made a part of Quebec?
Aboriginal lands
The rights of which language was recognized in the Quebec act.
French
Did the seigneurial system stay in place with the Quebec act?
Yes
Who gained freedom of religion and the ability to hold government jobs in the Quebec act?
The Catholic
What was the French civil law used to do?
It was used to settle disputes
With the Quebec act was the Roman Catholic Church allowed to tithe?
Yes
Define tithe.
A one-tenth of something, often earnings paid as a contribution to a religious organization such as a church.
Who were the Acadians?
Descendants of French colonists who had first farmed the shores of the Bay of Fundy in the 1600s
Who controlled Acadia at the time of the Great Deportation? What country, what general?
The British controlled Acadia, the country was British\England and the general was Charles Lawrence.
Why did the Acadians not want to fight in any wars?
Because they wanted to remain neutral and not pick any particular side.
What were the Acadians asked to sign and why?
They were asked to sign an oath to swear their loyalty to the British crown because the British wanted to ensure that the Acadians would not side with the French.
Why was Louisbourg important to the British?
It guarded the St.Lawrence river which led to the Quebec colony and it was also the main entranceway to the continent.
Who were General Wolfe and Marquis de Montcalm?
General Wolfe was a British Major-General named James Wolfe and he led troops and captured lots of French territories. General Marquis de Montcalm was a french commander who led French troops to fight the British.
What happened at the siege of Louisbourg?
The citizen’s resources were cut off and the English were successful in capturing it.
What impact did the Quebec act have on languages in Canada?
It kept bilingualism alive
What did King George hope to have the Canadiens do?
He did not want to evict them but he wanted to assimilate them.
What led to the battle of the Plains of Abraham.
The French and the British fought for 9 weeks and the French were not giving up their fortress. Winter was setting so the British had to go. For Wolfe, this was time for the last gamble.
