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Foundations > War and Peace > Flashcards

War and Peace Flashcards

1
Q

Name a religious pacifist

A

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Mahatma Gandhi, Jesus….

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2
Q

Explain Christian Realist beliefs about War and Peace

A

Human Nature is inherently selfish and so the government may need to take military action in order ensure a stable society.

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3
Q

Who is the main thinker behind the ideas of Christian Realism?

A

Reinhold Niebuhr

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4
Q

What are the 6 ‘jus ad bellum’ critreria of the Just War Theory?

A

Just cause, Right reason, Legitimate authority, Last resort, Proportionality, Likelihood of success

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5
Q

Explain ‘legitimate authority’

A

War should be declared by the proper authority. For most western countries this used to be the government (Prime Minister or President) but post WWII this now rest with the UN.

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6
Q

Explain ‘Just Cause’

A

A nation should have a justifiable reason for declaring war.

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7
Q

Explain ‘Right Intention’

A

The outcome being sought should be noble, generally to bring about peace. it should not be for greed or self interest.

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8
Q

Explain ‘Last Resort’

A

Every effort should have been made to resolve a conflict diplomatically, without the use of force. For example peace talks or economic sanctions

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9
Q

Explain ‘proportionality’ (before war)

A

The damage caused by going to war must not be greater than the good achieved.

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10
Q

Explain ‘likelihood of sucess

A

There should be a good chance of success (however the idea of ‘success’ is a debated one)

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11
Q

Name other criteria of the Just War Theory (not the main 6)

A

Do not harm civilians or use extreme force, treat POW’s with respect, restore justice after war,

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12
Q

Which type of pacifist is Bertrand Russell

A

Nuclear and/or Contingent

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13
Q

What made Dietrich Bonhoeffer convert from a religious pacifist to a contingent pacifist?

A

Bonhoeffer thought that it was impossible to stop Hitler using pacifist ideas and so resorted to violence. His failed attempt to assassinate Hitler resulted in his imprisonment in a concentration camp.

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14
Q

Was the Iraq War started by a Legitimate Authority?

A

No - It was started by George W Bush and Tony Blair without permission from the UN.

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15
Q

Was World War II started by a Legitimate Authority?

A

Yes - It was declared by Neville Chamberlain the Prime Minister of the UK (the UN was only established after WWII)

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16
Q

Was the Iraq war a last resort?

A

No - the UN wanted to send in even more weapons inspectors in order to establish whether or not Saddam Hussein did have WOMD’s

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17
Q

Was WWII a last resort?

A

Yes - There had already been failed peace talks and it is generally agreed that no peaceful methods would have stopped Adolf Hilter

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18
Q

Did the Iraq war have a just cause?

A

Yes - Saddam Hussein was reportedly torturing some of his people. In addition to this it was argued that he was also developing WOMD to use against either his own people or other countries (this was never proven)

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19
Q

Did WWII have a just cause?

A

Yes - Hitler invaded Poland, and as an ally of Poland we had a duty declare war on Germany.

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20
Q

Did the Iraq war have a right intention?

A

???? - Although they claim to have been fighting for the liberation of the Iraqi people, Bush and Blair are criticised that their main motivation throughout the war was to claim oil.

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21
Q

Did WWII have a right intention?

A

Yes - throughout the war the allied nations fought to stop the spread of Nazism and liberate those who were persecuted.

22
Q

Did the Allied Nations in WWII have a likelihood of success?

A

Yes - The Allied forces were a reasonable match for the Axis forces.

23
Q

Did the UK and US have a likelihood of success in the Iraq War?

A

Yes - The UK and US forces far outweighed those of Iraq.

24
Q

During the Iraq War was the level of violence proportionate?

A

No - Many innocent civilians were killed and weapons of mass destruction, such as cluster bombs, were used

25
Q

During WWII was the level of violence proportionate?

A

Yes - On the whole civilians were not harmed.

The Hiroshima bomb is debatable, however the US argued that without it’s use the war could have lasted many more months or even years, hence resulting in more deaths.

26
Q

After the Iraq war was justice restored?

A

Yes - the US and UK governments helped to establish a democratic Iraqi Government, although it is questionable whether this was truly successful and will lead to a stable peaceful society.

27
Q

After WWII was justice restored?

A

Yes - Not only did Germany have to pay money to nations for war reparations but the UN was established in order to prevent any such conflict from happening again.

28
Q

What is absolute pacifism?

A

The belief that violence of any kind should never be used

29
Q

What is contingent pacifism?

A

The belief that ideally violence should not be used as it ends life and is not financially beneficial to society but in some situations violence is necessary.

30
Q

What is nuclear pacifism?

A

The belief that nuclear weapons should not be used.

31
Q

What did Pope Urban II say regarding Holy War.

A

Pope Urban II told Christians that they had a duty to fight against Muslim forces to regain the Holy Land (Jerusalem). This War was to be know as the first crusade.

32
Q

Quote from St Paul regarding the authority of the government.

A

“The government is put there by God”

33
Q

Quote from St Paul regarding the Holy War

A

“It is the servant of God to execute the wrath on the wrongdoer”

34
Q

Quote from Jesus said to his disciple Peter

A

“Those who live by the sword, die by the sword”

35
Q

Quote from Jesus from the Sermon on the Mount

A

“Blessed are the peacemakers”

36
Q

Quote form Jesus that teaches Christians how to respond to their enemies

A

“Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you.”

37
Q

Quote from Jesus that means that you should let your enemy continue to treat you badly so they are shamed into the realization that they should treat you with respect

A

“Turn the other cheek”

38
Q

Quote from President Theodore Roosevelt about his view of pacifism

A

““The pacifist is as surely a traitor to his country and to humanity as is the most
brutal wrongdoer”

39
Q

Quote from Alfred Whitehead about his view of pacifism

A

“The absolute pacifist is a bad citizen; times come when force must be used to uphold right, justice and ideals”

40
Q

Quote from Martin Luther King about his view of pacifism

A

True pacifism is not unrealistic submission to evil power. It is rather a courageous confrontation of evil by the power of love.”

41
Q

Quote from Edmund Burke about his view of pacifism

A

“When good people do nothing evil will prosper.”

42
Q

Albert Einstein referred to himself as this ‘type’ of pacifist

A

“a militant pacifist”

43
Q

What is Greater (inner) Jihad?

A

The personal, spiritual battle within a person to overcome the forces of evil which prevent them from being close to God.

44
Q

Quote from the Qur’an about Greater (inner) Jihad.

A

“those who believe, who strive in the cause of Allah with their wealth and their persons are the ones who are successful”

45
Q

What in Lesser (outer) Jihad?

A

The Islamic belief that Muslims should fight in order to fight oppression, establish justice and self defense.

46
Q

What are the 5 criteria to allow Lesser Jihad

A
  1. It has to be authorised by a religious leader
  2. Aim to bring about peace
  3. Be a last resort
  4. Innocent civilians must not be targeted
  5. Enemies must be treated with justice.
47
Q

List 4 strengths of pacifism

A
  1. Pacifism is clear cut as it opposes all forms of violence
  2. Pacifism follows the teachings of Jesus (these are ignored by the Just War Theory)
  3. It follows the historical position of the early Christians
  4. It promotes the absolute value of human life.
48
Q

List 4 weaknesses of pacifism

A
  1. We do not live in a world based on pacifism
  2. Pacifism denies the right to self defense
  3. The state has a duty to protect it’s citizens
    4, Pacifism allows evil to dominate
49
Q

List 5. Strengths of the Just War Theory

A
  1. Just War theory has clear cut criteria that combine the wisdom of centuries of thinkers and philosophers.
  2. It is a flexible theory, and grows and develops with the times.
  3. It recognises the necessity of actions against an aggressor.
  4. It allows the defense of the defenseless
  5. It is a universal theory
50
Q

List 5 weaknesses of the Just War Theory

A
  1. It allows deliberate violence
  2. It is unrealistic, the strong and powerful will always win.
  3. The criteria are too simplistic and ambiguous
  4. WOMD’s demand a different approach as they break all the basic rules.
  5. Terrorism demands a different approach as terrorists take no notice of the rules.
  6. Many wars are only considered just in hindsight.

Foundations (3 decks)

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