Walking and gait Flashcards

1
Q

what is location

A

ability to move from one place to another

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2
Q

how is walking chracterised

A

‘inverted pendulum‘ motion, in which the body vaults over the non-moving limb.a repeated gait cycle.

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3
Q

what are the diferent stages of the gait cycle and how are they charaterised

A

Stance phase: Accounts for 60% of the gait cycle. It can be divided into the heel strike, support and toe-off phases. from the time the heel strikes
until the toe of the same foot begins
to lift the off the ground
Swing phase: Accounts for 40% of the cycle. It can be divided into the leg lift and swing phases. the limb has ost contact with the ground

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4
Q

advatanges of locomation

A

frees our hands, elevates our
head, and allows us to move on challenging
terrain

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5
Q

disadvantages of locomation

A

Disadvantages: poses a biomechanical

challenge (efficiency and stability).

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6
Q

walking pattern of gait

A

Having one foot on the ground

at all times.

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7
Q

running pattern of gait

A
At some point during gait
both feet are off the ground
simultaneously.
Absorbing and releasing
energy stored in tendons
biomechanically makes
running a series of
controlled leaps
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8
Q

When most skeletal muscles contract the
bones to which they are attached rotate
around a joint what is this rotational force

A

is the

torque

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9
Q

what are Agonists and antagonists:

A

agonists cause a movement through their
own contraction, antagonists oppose a
movement

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10
Q

what are synergist muscles

A

Perform or help to perform the same

motion as the agonist

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11
Q

what happens if mucle lenghths shortsen what is it called

what about when it lenghthens

A

If a muscle length shortens – concentric

If a muscle length increases - eccentric

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12
Q

what is a muscle lever

A
A muscle lever (moment)
arm is the perpendicular
distance to the point of
rotation (the joint) from
the line of muscle action
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13
Q

what can affect the efficienc of locomation and the pattern of gait

A
Alterations to the
structure of the
musculoskeletal system
will affect the efficiency
of locomotion and the
pattern of gait.
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14
Q

what are tendons

A

Tendons are a tough band of
connective tissue
Connect muscle to bone
Build to endure tension

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15
Q

how are tendons and ligements different

A

ligaments join one bone to

another

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16
Q

what provides the brain with infromation about body postion and mvement?

A

Receptors in muscles and joints
provide the brain with
information about body position
and movement

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17
Q

3roles of the cereebellum

A
Cerebellum: Motor correction –
adjusting movement based on
sensory and proprioceptive input
Motor learning- improving
performance of motor sequence
with repetition
Balance- coordinating muscle
systems across the body
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18
Q

what are the challenges of bipedal locomotion

A

Gravity and Efficiency:
Gravity acts at the centre of mass (CoM ) of each body segment and may cause
gravitational moments depending on how the limb is positioned. The size of this downward force is a product of our mass and the acceleration of
gravity.
Stability:
Challenges of Bipedal Locomotion
The human bodies CoM is positioned
within the pelvis, in the mid-line anterior
to the second sacral vertebra Stability of a body is determined by the
relationship between the BoS (Base of
support) and the position of the total body
CoM.The body maybe technically unstable but not fall provided it is moving towards a
stable solution. Ankle strategy and Hip strategy. Humans require little energy expenditure during bipedal posture (pendulum).

19
Q

what are the conditons that alter gait and how

A
Structural damage:
Normal locomotion requires nervous
system, blood supply, skeleton, joints,
muscles and tendons: damage to any of
these structures can affect locomotion
Aging:
There are normal changes in gait with aging due to
decreased muscle bulk and flexibility: stride length
is reduced and walking becomes slower. To walk
faster, the number of steps taken is increased rather
than increasing the stride length. 
Footware:
flip-flops: wearers take shorter steps and
heels hit the ground with less vertical
force. Toes are not brought up as much,
creating a larger ankle angle and shorter
stride length.
High heals: The shoe's elevated heel
shortens the Achilles tendon and
accompanying shortening of the calf
muscles. 
Arthritis, inflammatory or
degenerative conditions:
may cause pain and decrease
mobility of a joint. Rheumatoid
arthritis, infectious arthritis,
osteoarthritis, gout and pseudogout
and common causes of limp
Neurological disorders:
Individuals with Parkinson’s
Disease walk slowly and rigidly
with small, shuffling steps.
20
Q

what are the gait abnormalityies

A

Antalgic Gait:
Any gait that reduces loading on the affected extremity by decreasing stance
phase time or joint forces as to avoid pain on weight-bearing structures.
Examples: “stone in your shoe”, diabetic foot, osteoarthritis, gout, joint or limb
deformity, ingrown toenail, and trauma.
Painful side:
A shortened stance phase time
Lengthen swing phase time
Lengthen step length

21
Q

what are the pathological gaits

A
Ataxic gait (cerebellar gait):
unsteady, uncoordinated walk, a
wide base and the feet thrown out,
coming down on the heel and then
on the toes, double tap. Multiple
sclerosis, cerebellar diseases.
Parkinsonian Gait: patient involuntarily
moves with short, accelerating steps,
often on tiptoe, with the trunk flexed
forward and the legs flexed stiffly at the
hips and knees. Parkinson's disease and
conditions that affect the basal ganglia 
Myopathic gait (Waddling gait ): With
muscular diseases, the proximal pelvic
girdle muscles are usually weak. The
pelvis is not stabilised as leg is lifted
to step forward, pelvis tilts toward the
non-weight bearing leg, waddle type
of gait.
Neuropathic Gait (High stepping gait):
Seen in peripheral nerve disease, the
distal lower extremity is most affected.
Because the foot dorsiflexors are
weak, patient has a high stepping gait
in an attempt to avoid dragging the toe.
22
Q

desribe the morphological adaptatinos to human bipedalism - balancing

A

The supporting rectangle of quadrupedal
primates is much greater than that of bipedal
humans
In standing upright it is essential that the
body’s centre of gravity remains directly over
the supporting rectangle

23
Q

desribe the morphological adaptatinos to human bipedalism -pelvis and hip

A
The human pelvis is
shortened vertically and
expanded both laterally
and anteroposteriorly.
Uniquely, the human ilium
is wider than it is high: the
reduced height brings the
sacroiliac joint closer to
the hip joint, reducing the
stress on the ilium caused
by transmitting the weight
of the body from the
vertebral column to the hip
joint. 
The human iliac blade is
curved and mediallyorientated,
bringing the small
gluteal muscles into a position
where they can act as
abductors of the thigh.
The abductors support the
pelvis when the body weight is
on one leg and prevent side-toside
swaying of the trunk
during walking.
Other thigh abductors are tensor fascia latae, sartorius, piriformis, obturator
internus but these do not have the important weight-bearing role of the small
glutea
24
Q

desrbie the trendeleburg gait

A
ay prevent effective functioning
of the small gluteals, leading to a
characteristic gait called
Trendelenburg gait.
When the good limb enters swing
phase, its side of the pelvis drops
because the small gluteals on the
opposite side cannot hold the
pelvis level.
To prevent a fall, the lumbar spine
will be flexed towards the
paralyzed side, bringing the
centre of gravity of the trunk over
the foot in stance phase.
25
desribe the morphological adaptatinos to human bipedalism:femur
``` The femoral head in humans is larger than those of apes: an adaptation to load bearing. The diagonal disposition of the femur re-centers support directly inferior to the trunk (body mass) to make bipedal standing more efficient and to enable bipedal walking. ```
26
what are coxa vara and valga
``` Coxa vara Decreased angle (< than 120°) of the femoral neck. Causes a mild shortening of the lower limb and limits passive abduction of the hip. May result in a ‘duck waddle gait’ ``` Coxa valga Increased angle (> than 140°). Results from weakness of the abductor muscles and lack of normal weight-bearing forces. Associated with neuromuscular disorders such as cerebral palsy and poliomyelitis.
27
what is teh nromal angle of teh femooral neck
125 degrees
28
how do people get coxa vara and coxa valga?
Can be congenital or acquired by defective ossification. It may also change with any pathological process that weakens the neck of the femur (e.g. rickets).
29
how does the knee ensure stability
knee has a ‘locking mechanism’, enabling it to stabilize in a fully extended position. Stability is ensured: the femoral and tibial condyles are in their most close-packed position, the anterior cruciate ligament is tensed, the collateral ligaments are tensed
30
which muscles allows gthe knee to extend against gravity
Quadriceps femoris extends the knee against gravity
31
how can the anterior cruciate ligamaent be torn
Deceleration or rotational forces acting on the weightbearing limb
32
what prevents the trunk rotating backwards at the hip joint. what does the verterbral curve aid in What are the secondary cervical and lumbar curves useful for
Tension of the iliofemoral ligament prevents the trunk rotating backwards at the hip joint. The vertebral curves ‘cancel out’, passing weight directly to the lower limb. Secondary cervical and lumbar curves are important in balancing body weight over the feet.
33
Describe the arch of the foot (1) | What does the arch of the foot allow for? (2)
Humans have a two-part longitudinal arch (one medial, one lateral). Permit medial weight transfer during midstance, act as a ‘shock absorber’ against forces generated during locomotion Distribute body weight over the sole of the foot during standing.
34
how can things go wrong in the foot: 1) give example 2) what is a key factor 3) who is prone
Fallen arches occur in many people Behaviour is often a key factor Overweight individuals who stand for long periods of time may be particularly prone.
35
what happens in stance phase and swing phase
``` Stance: Heel strike Loading response (flat foot)) Midstance Terminal stance (heel off) Swing: Preswing (toe off) Initial Swing ```
36
1.What happens in heel strike
``` Lower the forefoot to the ground Continue deceleration (reverse forward swing) Preserve the longitudinal arch of the foot ```
37
2.what happnes in loading response flat floot
``` Accept weight Decelerate mass (slow dorsiflexion) Stabilize pelvis Preserve longitudinal arch of foot ```
38
3.what happens in midstance
``` Stabilise knee Control dorsiflexion (preserve momentum) Stabilize pelvis Preserve longitudinal arch of foot ```
39
4.what happens in terminal stance heel off
Accelerate mass Stabilize pelvis Preserve arches of foot; fix forefoot
40
5.what happens in swing phase preswing toe off
``` Decelerate thigh; prepare for swing Accelerate mass Preserve arches of foot; fix forefoot ```
41
6.what happens in swing phase intial twing
Accelerate thigh, vary cadence Clear foot
42
7.wat happens in swing phase midswing
Clear foot
43
8.what happens in swing phase terminal swing
``` Decelerate thigh Decelerate leg Position foot Extend knee to place foot (control stride) prepare for contact ```