Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

DT4- Exam 2 > Walden- GI Parasites X4- Melissa** > Flashcards

Walden- GI Parasites X4- Melissa** Flashcards

(88 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Naegleria:
Pathogenesis of infection?
Symptoms?
How is it diagnosed?

A

Swimming in stagnant fresh water/heated pool–>
Invades nasal mucosa–> cribriform plate–>
Ollfactory N.–> Brain + Meninges–>
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)

Sx: Severe Frontal HA, N/V, meningitis sx.–> FATAL coma within 1 week
Dx: Motile Amoebas on wet prep of CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is Naegleria found in the US?

A

-VA, GA, FL, TX, CA (warm/ costal US states)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Acanthamoeba: Two mechanisms of infection? What two infections does this cause?

Where is this amoeba found?
How is infection prevented?

A

1) Skin lesion, Eye infection, Inhalation–> Hematogenous spread–>
Granulomatous Amoeboid ENCEPHALITIS
Sx: FATAL progressive brain disease

2) Soft contacts/ corneal trauma/ contaminated water–>
** Chronic Amoebic KERATITIS**
Sx: Ocular pain + corneal lesions w diffuse, indolent, inflam.
Tx: Successful treatment with drugs

Note: both diseases found in US
Px: Avoid warm stagnant fresh water, especially around power plants…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Onchocerciasis:
What disease does this amoeba cause?
Vector?

A

River blindness, Simulium Fly (Black)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Onchocerciasis:
Describe the pathogenesis of river blindness.
What are 4 clinical manifestations of the disease?
(Remember: location of nodules in Africa vs Guatemala)

A

Simulium flies breed in riffles of rapid flowing streams–>
Female fly bites human–>
Inoculates larvae into skin–> mature–> adult worms form NODULES –>MICROFILARIAE released by female–>
Migrate to eye–> RIVER BLINDNESS

Clinical Manifestations:

  • Itching–> scratching–> depigmented lizard/ leopard skin
  • Lymphadenitis–> “Hanging groin”
  • pelvic (Africa) or head (Guatemala) nodules
  • Blindness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Onchocerciasis:
3 ways to dx?
Tx (DOCs and management)?
How is it prevented?

A

Dx:

1) Tenting (microfilarieae in skin)
2) Mazzotti Test (admin DEC, intense itching in 24 hours)
3) slit lamp exam of eye

Tx: 
-Surgical removal of nodules
-NO DRUG TO TREAT ADULT WORMS
Ivermectin= DOC for microfilariae
Doxy = Wolbach Bacteria* (endosymbiotic bacteria)

Px: Premetherin, Deet, avoid rapidly flowing streams in endemic areas I.e. Ferry crossings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are wolbach bacteria?

A

Endosymbiotic bacteria that live in microfilariae of onchocerciasis; they are responsible for primary inflammatory response in the cornea that leads to river blindness **Tx w doxy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bancroftian Filariasis:

3 worms and disease caused?

A

Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia Malawi
Mansonella Filariasis **asx
**ELEPHANTITIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Bancroftian Filariasis induced elephantiasis. What are the early and late manifestations of disease?

A

Infected MOSQUITO bites human–>
Microfilariae transmitted into human–>
Migrate through lmyphatics–>
Immunologic Reaction–>

**Early: Inflammation
(fever, erythema, swelling, +/- lofflers in lung)

**Late: Elephantiasis w/ prolonged exposure + repeat infxn.
(Enlarged legs, arms, genetalia) +/- Chyluria (pee lymph)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 ways to dx Bancroftian Filariasis?
DOC for treatment/ management procedures?
Prevention?

A

DX:

1) Microfilariae (+) in NIGHT-time blood draw (“Bancroft=elephants’ bedtime”)
2) Mazotti (DEC itch) test
3) antifilarial IgG4-ELISA in blood w active infection
* Lab tests ~ negative in patients with elephantitis

TX:
Ivermectin = DOC
Surgery for hydrocele in scrotum or breast, not effective for general elephantitis

Px: Prometherin soaked nets at night, deet, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mansonella Filariasis infections are typically…

A

asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Loiasis: Microbe the pathogenesis and three manifestations of disease?

A

Day biting Chrysops fly bite–> hypersensitivity reaction–>
1) Calabar (Transient) swellings +/- pain and itching, arthritis

2) Migration to eye–> Ocular pain/ conjuncitivitis/ eyelid edema; noticed when looking in mirror
“‘Lo’ and behold you have a Loa Loa in your eye”

3) rarely CNS manifestations (encephalitis + seizure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do we diagnose Loiasis?

How do we treat it (DOC)?

A

Dx:
microfilariae (+) in DAYTIME (noon) blood draw
(Contrast with elephantitis = NIGHT)
“if you suspect Loa, draw blood in the ‘L’ight”

Tx:
DEC = DOC (can cause encephalopathy, Ivermectin») + Surgical removal of worms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is Loiasis endemic?

A

Rainforest of west and central Africa: Congo River Basin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the lifecycle of Draculus medinensis–

With what is this infection associated?

A 
Lifecycle:
Human drinks Cyclops (STEP WELL**)--> 
Larvae freed from Cyclops in stomach--> 
Penetrate intestine--> 
Migrate in SQ tissue to legs--> 
Mature, copulate, males dies--> 
Females form blisters on skin--> 
Blister ruptures in water--> new larvae released--> 
Larvae ingested by Cyclops
**Infectious for 2-3 weeks inside Cyclops**
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Symptoms of Dracunulus medinensis infection:

A
  • Red itchy blister + n/v/ fever; allergic rxn

- Ulceration–> possible cellulitis or septicemia if worm is broken during removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dracunulus medinensis: Dx/ Tx/ Px

A

Dx:
See worm coming out of blister; calcified worms on X-ray

Tx:
**Wrap worm around stick (+/- Metronidazole for inflam.)

Px:
Temphos in existing step wells (insecticide); eradicate step wells; boil step well water before drinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is Dracunculiasis endemic?

A

Sudan; war-torn African countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Toxoplasmosis: Which animal is the only living host?

A

Cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are 5 ways to get toxo?

To which two populations is this disease particularly relevant?

A 
Important infection for Preggos and AIDS 
5 ways to get it: 
1) Undercooked meat with cysts 
2) Fecal oral ingestion of cysts 
3) Blood transfusion/ organ transplant 
4)  Transplacentally
5) Lab accident
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe:

  • congenital toxo
  • ocular toxo
  • AIDS toxo
  • How toxo can infect immunosuppressed patient
  • How does it present in healthy patients?

How does toxo infection typically manifest in otherwise healthy individuals?

A
  • Congenital Toxo: not apparent at birth; sequelae apparent as child grows (intellectual disability)
  • Ocular Toxo: chorioretinitis (congenital or after birth)
  • AIDS Toxo: ring enhancing lesions; encephalitis

Immunosuppressed: newly acquired OR reactivated latent infection

Typically asx in healthy people; possibly flu sx w cervical lymphadenopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How common is toxo in the US?

A

USA 23% population seropositive;

Most NOT symptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the lifecycle for fresh water shistosomas:

A

SNAIL –> MAN –> SNAIL

Cerariae in contaminated water–>
Penetrate skin–> Lung–> Liver–>
Mature + mate in liver–> portal circ–> mesenteric venules (can live here up to 30 yrs!)–>
Females lay eggs containing MIRACIDIUM–>
Miracidium eggs migrate to intestine–> Pooped out–>
Miracidium eggs hatch in fresh water–>
Free miracidium penetrates snail–>
Cerariae formed–> released to fresh water to go to humans again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the manifestations of shistosoma mansioni disease (2)?
How is infection diagnosed?
How is it treated?

A

Diseases: LIVER AND INTESTINE

  • Liver fibrosis, Portal HTN, chronic SALMONELLA infection
  • Katayama Fever (acute typhoid-like illness)

Dx: Oval eggs with prominent lateral spine in stool or intestine/ liver biopsy

Tx: Praziquantel (DOC for all GI/GU shistosomaisis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Katayama Fever: what is it and what causes it?
Acute typhoid-like illness w ^ EOS - immune complex mediated - shistosoma mansioni or japonicum infection in patients without prior immunity
26
Schistosoma Mansoni: endemic areas
Classically: PUERTO RICO! (But can appear in many other countries) "MAN it's SONI in puerto rico"
27
Where do shistosoma mansioni lay their eggs?
Inferior mesenteric vessels (large intestine)
28
Describe manifestations of shistosoma japonicum infection. Where do these guys lay eggs? Dx and Treatment?
Same as shistosoma mansioni, except lays eggs in superior mesenteric vessels (large and small intestine)!! DX and TX the same way as well.
29
Shistosoma Haematobium: Where do these guys lay eggs? What are 3 sequelae of disease? How is the disease diagnosed and treated?
Lays eggs in urinary bladder Diseases: - Painful, frequent urination w/ terminal hematuria - Chronic obstructive disease + salmonellosis - ^^^ risk bladder ca. Dx: Oval eggs with terminal spine in urine or bladder mucosa Tx: Praziquantel
30
Shistosoma Haematobium: Endemic areas?
Africa, Middle East
31
Salt water Avian Schistosomes: Endemic areas and infection caused? Pathogenesis and treatment?
Cape Cod -Clam Digger’s Itch—transient dermatitis -Does not mature in humans -Cerariae in contaminated water penetrate skin Tx: Antihistamine
32
Fresh Water Avian Schistosomes: Endemic areas and infection caused? Pathogenesis and treatment?
Great Lakes **Worse w hydro-dams and agricultural irrigation -Swimmer’s Itch—transient dermatitis -Does not mature in humans -Cerariae in contaminated water; ingested or penetrate skin Tx: Antihistamine
33
Taenia Saginata: Animal Reservoir? | Taenia Solium?
Saginata: Cow Tapeworm ("SAGgy Utter's") Solium: Pig
34
Tania Solium: Animal Reservoir?
Pig tapeworn
35
Lifecycle for Tanea Saginata and Solium?
(Humans = only definitive hosts) Eggs (gravid proglottids) pooped out by human--> Proglottid contaminated grain eaten by pig or cow--> Infected Pig or cow meat ingested by humans
36
Clinical manifestation of Tanea Saginata infection? | Dx and Tx?
Typically asx; mild GI upset; eggs not directly infectious to humans; emotional trauma from shitting worms Dx: Eggs in stool; not distinguishable from solium Tx: Prazaquantel ("if you see worms in your poop, prazaquantel will cure in one swoop")
37
Clinical manifestation of Tanea Solium infection?
Same as Saginata or **Neurocysticercosis** Human ingests eggs shed from human feces--> Oncopsheres released in intestine--> Penetrate intestinal wall--> Cysts lodge in MSK + BRAIN--> ***Mental disturbance, seizures*** **Suspect infxn in Latin American migrant workers w/ new onset seuzures and strong bx!!!
38
Dx and Tx for Tanda Solium Infection?
Dx: - Ab detection w immunoblot assay + purified T. sodium Ag - CT or MRI for brain cysts Tx: Prazaquantel or Albendazole +/- anticonvulsant, steroids
39
Where are Tanea solium and saginata found?
worldwide
40
Diphyllobothriasis: Réservoir?
Fish tapeworm of cold water
41
Describe the Diphyllobothriasis Lifecycle
Eggs pooped out (human= definitive host)--> Eggs in freshwater--> Eggs hatch--> larvae eaten by water fleas--> Waterfleas grow into crustadeans--> Crustaceans w infectious larvae eaten by fish--> Undercooked fish eaten by humans--> Larvae grow into tapeworms in SMALL INTESTINE --> spread and create cysts (liver, lung, brain)
42
Clinical manifestation, Dx + Tx for Dihyllobothriasis Infection
Clinical: Asx.>>>; Diarrhea + fatigue; **B12 deficiency anemia** Dx: Characteristic egg w/operculum ; Megaloblastic Anemia Tx: Praziquantel
43
Hymenolpiasis: Vector? Prevalence?
Fleas and Beetles in GRAIN: #1 HUMAN TAPEWORM WW
44
Where is Hyminolpiasis found?
WW; mostly hot places like SE rural US
45
``` Hymenolpiasis Nana (dwarf tapeworm): Two modes of infection, clinical manifestations of infection, and how it's diagnosed? ```
Modes of transmission: 1) Human poops eggs eggs immediately infectious Fecal oral transmission 2) Human poops eggseggs ingested by flea or beetle insect consumed in contaminated grain Clinical: Asx>>; abdominal pain, diarrhea Dx: Eggs in stool
46
H. diminuta (rat tapeworm): Describe the route of infection.
Human infection swallowing infected insect in grains or flour; typically a rat infection
47
Dipylidium Caninum: What are the reservoir and vector?
Dog Tapeworm; Flea = vector
48
Dipylidium Caninum: Describe the route of infection and its clinical manifestations. How is it treated?
Dog infected --> passes to flea-- > Flea bite--> Human infected Clinical: Perianal itching, diarrhea/ belly pain/ restlessness CUCUMBER SEEDS (parglottids—pieces of worm) in poops Tx: Prazaquantel "Dogs and FLEAS and cucumber Seeds" (that rhymes, right?)
49
Echinococcus granulosus: | Describe the lifecycle; what disease does the worm cause in humans?
Human CYSTIC ECHINOCOCCUS (more common version) Lifecycle: Dogs eat infected sheep viscera w heated cysts--> Adult worms mature in dog intestine--> Eggs exit in dog poop--> Humans somehow eat dog poop --> Larvae penetrate human intestinal wall--> Travel to liver + brain + lung = **hyatid cysts** ('ECH= shEEp, Canine, human'- if you see this then pick ECHinococcus granulosus)
50
Echinococcus granulosus: What's the disease? How is the disease diagnosed (2)? Treatment (2)?
**HYATID CYSTS OF LIVER + LUNGS (Cystic echinococcosis) Dx: - Imaging + Hx - Serologocally: EIH/ IHA screen--> Echinococcal “Arc5” Tx: - Surgery—careful removal of cysts to prevent ANAPHYLAXIS + seeding of more cysts - Albendazole or Prazaquantel
51
Where is Echinococcus granulsus endemic?
Rural herding areas, classically Greece
52
Echinococcus multilocuaris: | Disease caused in humans and route of infection
Human ALVEOLAR ECHINOCOCCUS Eggs ingested by rodents--> larvae released in rodent stool & eaten by fox/dog --> Human ingests veggies/ raw fruit w/ dog or fox feces--> Larvae form vesicles that invade + destroy tissues--> LIVER FAILURE
53
Paragonimus westermani: Where is it found and what kind of infection does it cause? What do the eggs look like?
Found in asia; causes infection that mimics TB w/ "rustier" colored sputum Like TB, can infect the lungs + brain (as well as GI tract) Operculated eggs MINUS knob (compare to opisthorchiasis)
54
Paragonimus westermani: | Describe the lifecycle
(MAN--> SNAIL-->CRAB--MAN) ``` Human eats raw/ undercooked crayfish/ crab w/ cercariae--> Larvae penetrate intestinal wall--> Migrate to lungs--> lay eggs--> Cough up, swallow eggs--> Poop eggs out--> Eggs mature in FRESHWATER--> LARVAE (miracidium) Penetrate SNAILS--> CERCARIAE emerge from snail--> Encyst in freshwater CRUSTACEANS ```
55
***Clonorchiasis/ Opisthorchiasis: Describe the lifecycle
(MAN--> SNAIL--> FRESHWATER FISH--> MAN) Human eats fish w encysted larvae--> LARVAE Migrate to BILE DUCTS--> Mature, lay EGGS containing MIRACIDIA--> MIRACIDIA into bile--> pooped out in feces--> Eaten by snails--> CERCARIAE released to water--> Penetrate fish --> encyst in fish muscle
56
***Clonorchiasis/ Opisthorchiasis: Clinical presentation (acute vs. chronic) Diagnosis Prophylaxis
Clinical: Acute-->epigastric pain, tenderness in RUQ Chronic--> jaundice w/ diarrhea, fever, HSM, RUQ pain, cirrhosis, ^ risk CHOLANGIOSARCOMA* Dx: Tiny ovoid eggs w ‘knob’ in feces or duodenal asparate; ELISA ``` Px: Night soil (human waste) should not be used to fertilize fish ponds; cook fish well ```
57
***Clonorchiasis/ Opisthorchiasis: Where is this found? What do the eggs look like?
Asia, especially SE— US in refugees** from endemic areas Operculated eggs + knobs
58
Fascioliasis: What kind of infection does this cause? How does one get infected? Where is it found?
-liver abscesses; chronic infection NOT Asstd. w cholangiosarcoma (liver rot!!) (Think of it as being named after "fasciitis" so its just causing rot but be careful not to confuse with fasciolopsiasis) Infection caused by eating contaminated freshwater plants in areas where cattle and sheep herding is common WATERCRESS!!!!=FASCIOLIASIS/LIVER ROT
59
``` Fasciolopsiasis What kind of infection does this cause? Basic life cycle? How does one get infected? Where is it found? ```
- Heavy infection will cause alternating diarrhea and constipation - Pig --> snail --> plant --> human Associated with eating contaminated water chestnut/ bamboo shoots/caltrop in SE asia; look for giant worms in poops or vomit "fascioloP(ig)S(nail)I(ngest chest...nut)A(human)sis"
60
Entamoeba histolytica: Where are entamoeba found? What three infections do they cause?
Poor countries (Africa, C/S America, India) **Immigrants and travelers in US Infections: 1) BLOODY MUCOID DYSENTARY DIARRHEA, +/- flu sx, necrotizing colitis 2) Liver abscesses = right elevated diaphragms 3) LUNG INFECTION (liver abscess rupture seed through diaphragm):pleuritic + RUQ pain, red-brown sputum, SOB **Note: don't typically see these conditions all together! May not even see worms in stool! (Only 20% + for worms!)
61
``` Entamoeba histolytica, dispar, or moshkovskii: Describe the organisms. How is it transmitted during epidemics? What is the natural reservoir? Which cause asx. colonization? ```
Pseudopod forming non-flagellate protozoan Transmitted from fly feet (cysts) to water during epidemics Humans are only significant reservoir - E. dispar & moshkovskii infection is asx even in immunocompromised - E. histolytica can be asx for years
62
Etatmoeba histolytica, dispar, or moshkovskii: | Describe the life cycle
Ingestion of contaminated food, H2O/ Oral-anal sex--> Trophozoites multiply (binary fission), form cysts + invade (flask shaped large bowel)--> Trophozoites migrate to liver, lung, brain via portal circ.
63
What are the two ways we diagnose Entamoeba infection?
1) OPx3 (examine stool w/in 30 min, look for charcot-leyden crystals, gliding amoeba w pseudopods, not sensitive or specific) 2) Colonoscopy + Biopsy, Ag testing (15-30min; invasive trophozoites + cysts) + observe multiple flask shaped ulcerations
64
How do we differentiate E. Histolytica from its non-infectious counterparts? (2)
E. histolytica: - Cysts = 1-4 nuclei (more nuclei = noninfectious) -Trophozoites = single nucleus, central karyosome, ***INGESTED RBCs***, rounded chromatidal bars (frayed chromatin, eccentric karyosome = non infectious types)
65
Blastocystis hominis | How common is this? What disease does it cause? Where is it found and how its it treated?
- Over 50% MSM have this - Causes n/v/d abdominal pain, anorexia, malaise - WW esp in tropics - Treatment is typically supportive care
66
What two diseases will have chariot-leyden crystals?
- Enteric amoebiasis (E. Histolytica) | - Isospora Belli
67
``` Giardia Lamblia: Where is this found? Describe the organism. Two commonly assc animal carriers? Tx? Px? ```
Worldwide; WV, CO, *St Petersburg* Motile protozoan 4 flagella (trophozote pic) Beavers, dogs Tx: tinidazole (Metronidozole =disulfiram-like rxn) Px: Chloride resistant (filtration is needed)
68
Giardia Lamblia: Describe the transmission of infection
Waterborne>>, person-person contact, food--> Ingest 10-20 cysts--> Excyst in stomach acid--> Trophozoite colonization of duodenum/ upper small intestine (form cysts as they move down the intestine)--> Pass cysts + trophozoites in stool
69
Describe the clinical manifestations of Giardia infection: | Wha tis the course like and what are three possible sequelae?
Clinical: **1-2 wk incubation (Shorter think ETEC)--> Bloating, cramping, yellow/frothy/floaty STANKY DIARRHEA--> ~Malabsorption (ADEK), B12 deficiency Possible sequelae include LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, RECURRENT sx., REACTIVE ARTHRITIS, failure to thrive in kids *B12 def also seen with Diphyllobothrium Latum (fish tapeworm)
70
What is the #1 Human pathogenic protozoan in the developed world? How does the infection present?
Trichomoniasis vaginalis NOT AN INTESTINAL PROTOZOAN (STI) - Infects female lower GU and male urethra + prostate - Presents with itchy lady parts, frothy/ fishy/ STANKY yellow-green discharge, strawberry cervix - Girls symptomatic, boys not - TX with metronidazole - ^ risk HIV transmission, preterm birth - See motile trichomonads on saline slide; serious fishy stank w KOH prep (diff.from candida)
71
Dientamoeba fragilis | Where is it located? describe the organism.
Worldwide; rare infection | HAS NO FLAGELLA BUT STILL CONSIDERED FLAGELLATE!!!
72
Dientamoeba fragilis | Describe the pathogenesis.
Fecal oral transmission alone or within PINWORM and ASCARIS eggs--> Trophozoites from ONLY (no cysts)--> Diarrhea, farts, abdominal pain
73
Balantidium Coli: Describe one important structural fact about the parasite + the infection.
LARGEST INTESTINAL PROTOZOAN IN HUMANS! Incidental human infection--> Intermittent diarrhea/ acute dysentery w crater like colon ulcers " LARGEST GI protozoa, from LARGE bowels of pigs, causing LARGE amounts of diarrhea, LARGE crater ulcers"
74
Balantidium Coli: | Where is it found? Describe the organism.
Tropics (large bowel of pigs) | CILIATE—only ciliate infectious to humans
75
List the 4 intestinal coccoidal infections that can be stained w acid fast. What kind of infection do these organisms generally cause?
- Cryptosporidium parvum - Isospora belli - Cyclospora cayetanensis - Sarcocystis Cause severe protracted diarrhea in immunocompromised patients and travelers to the third world
76
What are two factors that make Cryptosporidium parvum exceptionally infectious?
- Chlorine resistant**** | - Small oocysts= pass through H2O filters
77
Describe the Cryptosporidium parvum mode of infection and three diseases caused:
Infection: waterborne (pools), animal --> person, person --> person, food borne all possible 1) Endemic childhood watery diarrhea (third world) 2) Traveler’s diarrhea (Immunocompetent= 2-3 days) 3) Protracted diarrhea in AIDS patients (cholera-like diarrhea for mos)
78
How do we diagnose cryptosporidium parvo? | How do we treat it?**
Dx: Acid fast stain feces; EIA test more sensitive + specific Tx: - REHYDRATION/SUPPORTIVE CARE ONLY for immunocompromised (**RX QUESTION**) - Immunocompetent patients get Nitazoxanide (classically but in real life walden says it isn't effective)
79
What random animal is associated with CRYptosporidium parvo infection? Where is this infection generally found?
pre-weened calves; infection is found ww "the CRYing pre-weened cow"
80
``` Isospora belli: Where is infection found? Describe mode of transmission. What kind of infection does it cause? How is it diagnosed and treated? ```
Found in US; humans= only host Fecal oral spread to immunocompromised patients--> Acute non-bloody diarrhea +/- EOSINOPHILIA, CHARCOT-LEYDEN CRYSTALS in stool Dx: bright ted cysts on acid fast Tx: TMP-SMX even for AIDS patients
81
Cyclospora cayetanensis: Where is this disease found? Describe the infection caused--high yield mode of transmission? How do we dx and treat it?
Found WW: Ingest *sporulated* oocysts in water or food--> N/V/ prolonged watery diarrhea +/-flu sx--> Poop out *unsporulated* oocysts--> contaminate food **Raspberries, mesclun lettuce, snow peas = commonly contaminated foods Dx: UV microscopy of stool; PCR Tx: TMP-SMX
82
Sarcocystis: High yield points regarding lifecycle
Require 2 hosts for life cycle Sexual dvlpmt/ definitive host: carnivore Intermediate host: herbivore
83
Sarcocystis: two infections caused?
Two manifestations of human disease: 1) Intestinal infection; human = definitive host (Tx w TMP-SMX) 2)Muscle infection; human = intermediate host
84
Microspora: what kind of organism is this?
Obligate intracellular parasitic fungus!
85
Microspora: Describe the lifecycle + 2 high yield infections caused. Who does it typically infect?
Typically infects immunocompromised patients Ingestion or Inhalation of infectious spores--> Coiled polar filament extrudes infective spore into host cells--> Replication within host cell--> Many systems affected… 1) Keratoconjunctivitis 2) Chronic diarrhea
86
Microsporidia: | How is infection treated?
Fumagillin/ albendazole
87
What 4 have snail interaction in their lifecycle?
1. liver fluke (man-snail-freshwater fish-man) 2. lung fluke (man-snail-crab-man) 3. intestine fluke (pig-snail-plant/water chestnut-man) 4. Schistosomiasis (man-snail-man)
88
which two acid-fast staining parasites cause chronic diarrhea in immunocompromised?
1. microsporidia | 2. cryptosporidium parvum

DT4- Exam 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions