Waka

Question 1

We already know heart failure is the body’s ability to not pump enough blood to meet the body’s need … what us missing from thus definition

Answer 1

Ir is a chronic and progressive condition

Question 2

Pathophysiology. What happens in the body of a heart failure patient?

Answer 2

Inflammation and oxidative stress
Fluid overload
Decreased cardiac contractility
Increased vascular resistance
Neurohormonal activity

Question 3

Classify heart failure based of left ventricular ejection fraction

Answer 3

HFrEF <40.
HFmEf 40-4[
HFpEF >=50

Question 4

Classify HF based on staging.

Answer 4

Stage A at risk
Stage B asymptomatic Hf
Stage c symptomatic Hf
Stage D advanced Hf

Question 5

Diagnosis of Hf include 4 steps mention

Answer 5

Symptoms
Signs
Imaging tests
Lab tests

Question 6

Symptoms of Hf

Answer 6

Shortness of breath, fatigue swelling and chest pain

Question 7

Signs

Answer 7

Jugular venous distension
Pedal edema
Pulmonary rales

Question 8

4 Lab tests

Answer 8

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
N-terminal pro-b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and
troponin

Question 9

Imaging tests

Answer 9

Ecbocardiography
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
Chest xray

Question 10

Lifestyle modif for HF patients

Answer 10

Reduce salt intake
Exercise
Watch weight
Fluid restriction
Smoking cessation

Question 11

Patient education

Answer 11

Self monitoring of signs and symptoms
Adherence to medic
Check weight
Follow up appointments

Question 12

5 Pharma therapy:for Hf

Answer 12

1. Acei
   Beta blockers
   Diuretics
   Aldosterone antagonists
   Hydroxyzine and isosorbide dinitrate

Question 13

Which of the drugs in hf doesn’t just reduce mortality and morbidity or improve symptoms and exercise tolerance.

What does that drug do?

Answer 13

Diuretic

Question 14

Start w low dose and titrate to higher dose.
Why is this?

Question 15

Function of diuretics

Answer 15

Increase urine productions reduce fluid overload and bp

Question 16

Moa of aldosterone antagonist

Answer 16

Blosksththe effect of aldosterone, reducing fluid retention and bp

Question 17

2 examples of aldosterone antagonist

Answer 17

Spironolactone and eplereno e

Question 18

Moa of Hydroxyzine and isosorbide dintitrate

Answer 18

Hydroxyzine is a vasodilator that reduces peripheral resistance

Isosorbide dinitrate is a nitrate that reduces preload

Question 19

Ivrabradine moa

Answer 19

A heart rate reducer that selectively inhibits the I(f) channel in the sinoartrial node

Question 21

Sacubitril /Valsartan moa

Answer 21

Sacubitril is a neprilysin inhibitors that increases the levels of natriuretic peptides while valsartan is an angiotensin receptor blocker

Question 22

Digoxin Moa

Answer 22

A cardiac glycoside that increases the force of contraction and slows the heart rate

Question 23

Anticoagulants

Answer 23

Inhibits coagulation cascades and prevents formation of blood cloths

Question 24

Benefit of anticoagulant?

Answer 24

Reduce risk of stroke systemic embolism, venous thrombo embolism

Question 25

Eg of anticoagulants

Answer 25

Apiaban Rivaroxaban

Question 26

2 Device therapy... same aim as drug therapy

Answer 26

Implantation cardioverter defibrillator Cardiac resynchronisatio therapy

Question 27

Surgical therapy

Answer 27

Heart transplantation Ventricular assist device VADs Improves survival and quality of life

Question 28

Palliative care

Answer 28

Multidisciplinary approach Address physical emotional and spiritual needs Focus on management and quality of life

Question 29

Cardiac arrhythmia aka and meaning

Answer 29

Dysrrhythmia Characterised by abnormal heart rhythm

Question 30

When does CA occur?

Answer 30

When there is a disruption on the normal electrical conduction of the system of the heart

Question 31

Bradycardia and tachycardia?

Answer 31

Less than 60 beats per minute. Greater than 100 beats per minute.

Question 32

Atrial and ventricular fibrillation?

Answer 32

Rapid and irregular heart beats. Ventricular is life threatening

Question 33

Supraventricular and ventricular what??

Answer 33

Tachycardia. Supra upper chamber Ventricular lower chamber

Question 34

Causes of CA

Answer 34

Medications eg beta blockers and antiarrhythmics Stimulants caffejn nicotine cocajne Electrolyte imbalances Cardiac disease Hormonal changes @ pregnancy or menopause.

Question 35

Symptoms of CA ... mnemonics

Answer 35

1. Palpitations Shortness of breath Chest pain Dizziness Fainting

Question 36

5 method of diagnosis

Answer 36

Holder monitor 24 hour period Electrocardiogram Echocardiogram uses sound waves Stress test measures hearts electrical activity during physical activity Event monitor 30 days

Question 37

5 classes of medications in CA

Answer 37

1. Anti arrhythmia Beta blockers Ccb Digoxin Adenosine

Question 38

Moa of beta blockers

Answer 38

Slow heart rate and reduce force of contraction

Question 39

Ccb moa

Answer 39

Same w beta bloskers

Question 40

Digoxin moa

Answer 40

Slows heart rate but increase force of contraction

Question 41

Adenosine

Answer 41

Often used in supraventri..... Slows heart rate

Question 42

Non pharma treatment

Answer 42

1. Ablation - uses heat or cold to destroy abnormal electrical pathway in the heart. Cardioversion - uses electrical shock to restore a nor.al heart rhythm Pacemaker- small device implanted into the heart to help regulate rhythm Implantation cardioverter defibrillator: to detect and correct life threatening CA SURGICAL PROCEDURES

Question 43

I.

Question 44

Lifestyle changes

Answer 44

Avoid stimulants Exercise Healthy weight Sleepmanage stress