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MBB163 > Wainwright (Autumn) > Flashcards

Wainwright (Autumn) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main reason we study MOs?

A
  • cause disease in humans, animals and plants
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2
Q

What type of MOs are the main agents of disease in humans?

A
  • bacteria
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3
Q

Do fungi cause disease?

A
  • not usually, but can do

- cause mould

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4
Q

What disease do protozoa cause?

A
  • malaria
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5
Q

What do algae cause?

A
  • not disease

- toxic algal blooms

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6
Q

How were MOs 1st observed?

A
  • Leeuwenhoek
  • single lens microscope
  • drop of water acted as 2nd lens
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7
Q

How were diseases originally thought to be spread?

A
  • by poisonous air
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8
Q

How was the smallpox vaccination dev, and who by?

A
  • Wortley injected small amounts of smallpox, most survived and were protected
  • Jenner used cowpox as vaccination as not lethal
  • Jesty did work before Jenner but not credited
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9
Q

What was Semmelweis responsible for?

A
  • intro of hand washing

- recognition that doctors and midwives spread disease

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10
Q

What was Pasteur responsible for?

A
  • defeated theory of spontaneous generation

- MOs in air

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11
Q

What was Snow responsible for?

A
  • concluded cholera caused by contaminated water (sewage etc.)
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12
Q

What was Koch responsible for?

A
  • Kochs postulates –> 1 organism for 1 disease
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13
Q

What was Lister responsible for?

A
  • intro antiseptic surgery
  • sprayed carbolic acid in the air
  • gave surgeons more time to operate
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14
Q

What was Ehrlich responsible for?

A
  • discovered 1st antibacterial agent, Salverson 606
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15
Q

Who contributed to the discovery and use of Penicillin?

A
  • Fleming discovered (1st antibiotic)

- Florey and Chain dev it for medicine

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16
Q

What was Domagk responsible for?

A
  • intro 1st Sulfa drug, Prontosil
17
Q

What is an anthropocentric assumption?

A
  • life assumed to have originated
18
Q

What is life?

A
  • C based –> bonds reversible, Si bonds too stable to release energy for metabolism
  • ordered
  • replicateable (reproduction)
  • DNA based
19
Q

What is the chemical theory for the origin of life?

A
  • life originated from simple chemicals
  • standard scientific view
  • AAs –> proteins –> membranes –> DNA –> proto-organism
20
Q

If panspermia was true what would we expect to find?

A
  • expect MO life elsewhere
21
Q

What is the litho theory for the origin of life?

A
  • life originated from asteroids
22
Q

What do comets contain, making them perfect for life?

A
  • water
  • organics
  • oxygen
  • CO2
  • can reach 40ºC
23
Q

What is panspermia?

A
  • origin of life from space
24
Q

What is neopanspermia?

A
  • life continues to come to Earth from space
25
Q

What was the Indian Sampling Balloon and what did it uncover? (Hoyle and Wickramasinghe)

A
  • sent into high cold biosphere
  • done when no eruption w/in 2 years to avoid criticism
  • sampling pod and cryo tube concentrated atmosphere and take in particles under v sterile conditions
  • particle mass found from 41km, 10μm, carbocyanine DNA, proved alive, had dimensions of bacteria
26
Q

What is serendipity?

A
  • accidental discovery
27
Q

What size particles are carried upwards in space?

A
  • less than 6μm
28
Q

What did Rose and Baker do?

A
  • used sampling drawer, opens in space, things fall in and closes again
  • found new stratospheric particles
29
Q

How do we know particles found are from space?

A
  • never find fungal spores or pollen on inside of sampler, only outside
  • if particles from Earth, then would be bits of plants but images clear
  • particles found too big to be leaving Earth
30
Q

Who other than Fleming claimed to have discovered Penicillin, and why did his claim fail?

A
  • Duschesne

- fails as fungal isolate killed E. coli so prob Pauline

31
Q

Who was Fleming working w/ when he discovered Penicillin and what was he doing?

A
  • Bigger

- grew bacteria on plates for long periods, became unusual shapes

32
Q

What was on Fleming’s famous plate?

A
  • Staph, fungus mould from atmosphere contaminated plate
  • zone of inhibition where bacteria lysed
  • thought prod lysozyme
33
Q

What role Paine play in the Penicillin story?

A
  • taught by Fleming
  • put bandages w/ culture on skin disease
  • tested on ophthalmo neutorum by dipping in eye, cured
  • didn’t publish or do talks, so no credit
  • told Florey about importance, as cured babies, so aided purification
34
Q

What role did Reid play in the Penicillin story?

A
  • wrote papers in early 30s

- like Fleming didn’t purify or inject animals

35
Q

What role did Florey play in the Penicillin story?

A
  • purified penicillin w/ Chain
  • made into an injectable drug
  • saved lives of many soldiers

MBB163 (7 decks)

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