W9 Plants, Fungi, Animals

Question 1

cell wall structure

Answer 1

cellulose
- polysaccharide
- important structural component of the primary cell wall

Question 2

plants: cell; carbon source; energy source

Answer 2

cell wall; autotroph; phototrophy

Question 3

fungi: cell; carbon source; energy source

Answer 3

cell wall; heterotroph; chemotrophy; absorption

Question 4

animals: cell; carbon source; energy source

Answer 4

mobile cell; heterotroph; chemotrophy; ingestion

Question 5

fungi

Answer 5

• heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from their environment
• secrete enzyme to digest food externally
• cell walls made of chitin

Question 6

fungi - asexual production of spores

Answer 6

germination –> mycelium –> spore-producing structures –> spores n

Question 7

fungi - spores

Answer 7

spores enable fungi to colonize new environments
germinate and grow when conditions are favorable

Question 8

fungi - hyphae

Answer 8

hyphae secrete enzymes that break down organic matter
hyphae absorb the released nutrients
as they grow, multicellular fungi extend filaments called hyphae into their surroundings

Question 9

mycelium

Answer 9

a dense network of hyphae

Question 10

fungi - hyphae two types

Answer 10

septate hyphae
- have distinct cellular compartments separated by septa
- allow the fungus to keep nuclei contained in specific regions

coenocytic hypha
- long cell that is not separated into compartments
- contents of the hyphae can move freely

Question 11

fungi - sexual production

Answer 11

mycelium
–> plasmogamy - fusion of cytoplasm
–> heterokaryotic stage
–> karyogamy - fusion of nuclei
–> zygote 2n
–> meiosis
–> spores n
–> germination
mycelium

Question 12

fungi - sexual production - plasmogamy

Answer 12

fusion of cytoplasm

Question 13

fungi - sexual production - heterokaryotic stage

Answer 13

• a heterokaryon is a multinucleate cell that contains genetically different nuclei

Question 14

fungi - sexual production - karyogamy

Answer 14

fusion of nuclei

Question 15

lichens

Answer 15

a life form that is a symbiotic partnership of two separate organisms, a fungus and an alga

Question 16

lichens - symbiosis

Answer 16

1. chemical communication - release of signaling compounds
2. physical contact - hyphal branching –> direct metabolite exchange
3. envelopment - hyphae enwrapping algal cell
4. incorporation - increase in photobiont cell size
5. differentiation into a lichen thallus

Question 17

plants intro

Answer 17

photosynthetic and cell walls
plant zygotes for dependent embryos

Question 18

plant alternation of generations

Answer 18

gamete + gamete from another plant
–> fertilization
–> zygote 2n
–> mitosis
–> sporophyte 2n
–> meiosis
–> spores n
–> mitosis
–> gametophyte n
–> mitosis
–> gamete

Question 19

sporophyte

Answer 19

diploid multi-cellular stage
develops from the zygote produced when a haploid egg cell is fertilized by a haploid sperm

Question 20

plant - phylogeny

Answer 20

bryophytes
tracheophytes

Question 21

bryophytes

Answer 21

liverworts, mosses, hornworts

Question 22

tracheophytes

Answer 22

lycophytes, monilophytes, gymnosperms, anglosperms

Question 23

bryophytes - liverworts, mosses, hornworts

Answer 23

independent gametophyte 1n
dependent sporophyte 2n

Question 24

tracheophytes - lycophytes, monilophytes

Answer 24

independent gametophyte 1n
independent sporophyte 2n

Question 25

tracheophytes - gymnosperms, angiosperms

Answer 25

dependent gametophyte 1n
independent sporophyte 2n

Question 26

independent gametophyte

Answer 26

reproduces asexually to maintain their ppl

Question 27

dependent sporophyte

Answer 27

grows attached to the gametophyte
obtains nutrients from it

Question 28

plant life cycles

Answer 28

1n spore –> gametophyte –> gamete
2n –> zygote –> sporophyte –> sporangium

Question 29

bryophytes life cycle

Answer 29

dominated by the haploid gametophyte stage
sporangium –> haploid spores
–> female/ male gametophyte 1n
(male gametophyte –> antheridia –> flagellate sperm)
(female gametophyte –> archegonia –> egg)
–> fertilization –> zygote 2n
–> multicellular embryo 2n
–> sporophyte
–> meiosis –> sporangium

Question 30

tracheophytes - lycophytes and monilophytes
seedless vascular plants
life cycle

Answer 30

haploid spores
–> gametophyte 1n
–> antheridium –> flagellate sperm/ archegonium –> egg
–> zygote 2n
–>gametophyte 1n + sporophyte 2n
–> sporangium

Question 31

seed plants
angiosperm life cycle

Answer 31

stamen
–> microsporocyte 2n
–>meiosis
–> 4 microspores n
–> male gametophyte in pollen grain; generative cell; tube cell; tube nucleus
–> mitosis
–> 2 sperm and 1 tube cell per pollen grain

carpel
–> ovule 2n in ovary
–> meiosis
–> megasporangium 2n (4 megaspores n)
–> 3 products of meiosis degenerate leaving 1 haploid nucleus
–> 8 identical haploid nuclei in the female gametophyte; two nuclei in the central cell; 1 nucleus in the egg

–> pollen reaches the stigma
–> the pollen tube grows down toward the ovary
–> fertilization
–> zygote 2n; endosperm nucleus 3n; seed coat 2n maternal tissue
–> 1 sperm fertilizes the egg to make a zygote
–> 1 fertilizes the central cell to make a triploid endosperm

Question 32

vascular plants

Answer 32

vasculature: xylem and phloem
xylem: dead, lignified vessels pull water
phloem: live cells move sugars
roots: acquire nutrients provide stability

Question 33

vasculature

Answer 33

xylem and phloem

Question 34

xylem

Answer 34

dead, lignified vessels pull water

Question 35

phloem

Answer 35

live cells move sugars