W8 Electrical & Fire Safety Flashcards
What is the SI unit of Electrical Charge?
A) volt
B) coulomb
C) watt
D) Hz
B
What does coulombs law state?
Like charges repel each other and opposites attract (inversely to square root of their distance)
What is electricity?
A) power
B) protons
C) flow of electrons
D) neutrons
C
T/F. Charges have the ability to move.
True!
Electrical current (I) defines charges ability to move using SI unit ampere (AMP; A)
1Amp = 1coulomb/sec
Electrical conductors (select all that apply)
A) Charges do not move freely
B) Metal
C) Charges move freely
D) Hold on to static charge
E) Don’t hold on electrons tightly
B, C, E
Electrical conductors are materials in which charges can easily move. They are made of atoms that do not hold onto electrons tightly. They are METAL (eg. Copper)
Electrical insulators (select all that apply)
A) Charges do not move freely
B) Metal
C) Charges move freely
D) Hold on to static charge
E) Don’t hold on electrons tightly
A, D
Electrical insulators are material in which charges cannot freely move. They hold on to significant static charge and are NON-METAL
What does Ohm’s law measure?
Resistance to flow & conductance
Ohm’s law states the potential flow of electric charge is proportional to the actual current after accounting for ______.
resistance
Resistance is a ratio of
A) power to charge
B) Current to energy
C) voltage to current
D) none of the above
C
Resistance is a ratio of voltage to current
R = volt/electrical current
R= V/I
T/F. Conductance is the same measure of resistance.
False!
Conductance is the RECIPROCAL of resistance
G = 1/R
What is the SI unit for electrical potential energy? (Read carefully)
A) Joule
B) Volt
C) Ampere
D) Coulomb
A
What is the SI unit for electrical potential?
A) Joule
B) Volt
C) Ampere
D) Coulomb
B
T/F. A circuit exists when a charge is able to flow around a closed path
True
In a DC circuit, current flows in _______ direction
One
Ex. Batteries
In an AC circuit, current flow ___________ direction
periodically changes
Ex. wall outlets and AC generators
What is the current flow for a series circuit?
A) more than one path
B) single path
C) varying path
D) no path
B
Series circuit has one path current flow.
Think + end of one battery to - end of another battery and keeps going.
Voltages and resistances in a series circuit are ________.
Additive
Think + end of battery to - end of battery to battery.
(+)——(-)——-(+)——(-)——(+)
What is the current flow for a parallel circuit?
A) more than one path
B) single path
C) varying path
D) no path
A
A parallel circuit has a current with more than one path and will have junctions where wires connect.
Resistors are connected in a parallel to create a UNIQUE CURRENT
Ex: Household circuits (electricity can run through any individual appliance without requirement that every appliance be turned on at the same time)
Energy = ______ x _______.
Power x Time
Define power
rate at which energy is expended or consumed
What is the SI unit of power?
A) Joule
B) Watt
C) Ampere
D) Coulomb
B) Watt
Current is the rate of flowing _______.
Charges
Semiconductors are prepared mostly from?
A) Metals
B) Non-metals
C) Semi-metals
D) None of the above
C) Semi-metals (mostly silicon)
Semiconductors have the ability to control conductivity by adding small amounts of impurities called __________.
Doping agents
P-Type semiconductors are: (select all that apply)
A) Electron neutral
B) Electron poor
C) Electron rich
D) Doped with boron
E) Doped with copper
F) Doped with arsenic
B and D
P-type (positive) semiconductors are electron poor and doped with boron
N-Type semiconductors are: (select all that apply)
A) Electron neutral
B) Electron poor
C) Electron rich
D) Doped with boron
E) Doped with copper
F) Doped with arsenic
C and F
N-type (negative) semiconductors are electron rich and doped with arsenic
Diodes are circuit elements that have a large conductance in just one direction. T/F
False
Diodes (hint Di = 2) are circuit elements that have a large conductance in one direction and a smaller conductance in the reverse direction; this helps to control the direction of the current
Since voltage is non-linear (goes in different directions) it is considered NON-OMHIC
Spectroscopy is used for analysis of what two things?
blood work and oxygen pulse oximeters
Spectroscopy requires analyte to interact with ______ in order to work
light
When white light passes through a colored substances, certain wavelengths are ________.
absorbed
Some are absurd and the rest are transmitted or reflected giving color
Red absorbs what color?
A) blue
B) orange
C) green
E) yellow
F) white
C) green
Think of light as particles called _______ with a characteristic wavelength
photons
Beer’s law identifies 3 factors that affect how much light is absorbed by the sample. Those three factors are: (select all that apply)
A) time of contact
B) absorptivity
C) increasing distance
D) path of current
E) magnitude of current
F) greater concentration
B, C, F
A = abc <– Beer’s Law
a- absorptivity, likelihood of photon to excite a molecule
b- greater concentration, analyte increases changes photon will encounter a molecule to interact with
c- increasing the distance, increased the distance light beam travels through sample
Transmittance, which is the fraction of light passing through a sample, is influence by the intensity of the _______.
light
Shock depends on what 3 factors:
A) time of contact
B) absorptivity
C) increasing distance
D) path of current
E) magnitude of current
F) greater concentration
A, D, E
time
path
magnitude
Macroshock occurs when a ______ amount of current flows through _________, potentially resulting in injury or death
large, an individual
Microschock occurs when a relatively _____ current is delivered ________ occurs when an individual has external _____ resistance pathway that directly contact heart
minor, to the heart, low
What are an examples of macro shock (select all that apply)
A) pacemaker
B) metal object stuck into electric outlet
C) touching energized electrical transformer
D) pulmonary catheter caring saline solution
B and C
What shock level can cause VFIB?
A) macroshock 50 mA
B) macroshock 100-300 mA
C) macroshock 100 uA
D) microshock 100 uA
D
Are fuses reusable?
A) yes
B) no
B) No
Fuses will melt when current exceeds rated value of fuse and MUST BE REPLACED afterwards, not reusable!
Are circuit breakers reusable?
A) yes
B) no
A) yes
Circuit breakers will trip switch and stop flow of current; they ARE REUSABLE
Identify this plug
A) polarized plug
B) three-pronged plug
C) GFCI
D) Isolated ungrounded
A) polarized plug
Polarized plugs have one narrow prong and one wide prong
Polarized receptacles have a narrow opening with _____ potential and a wide opening with ____ potential
Narrow has High Potential
Wide has Low Potential
A polarized plug ensures high potential only exists from receptacle to the ______ on the appliance.
Power switch
The remainder of the appliance is at Low Potential
Identify this plug
A) polarized plug
B) three-pronged plug
C) GFCI
D) Isolated ungrounded
B) three-pronged plug
Has two equal sized flat prongs and a third round ground prong that is wired directly to the case of the electrical device
If high potential wire comes into contact with casing of appliance on a three-pronged appliance, what part of the prong directly grounds, protecting someone who might touch case of appliance?
The third prong will ground
Identify this plug
A) polarized plug
B) three-pronged plug
C) GFCI
D) Isolated ungrounded
C) GFCI
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter
GFCI are used in circuits that are near sources of _____.
water
GFCI can easily detect small current changes at what mA?
A) 5 mA
B) 10 mA
C) 15 mA
D) 20 mA
A) 5 mA (or less)
GFCI protects outlets upstream. T/F
False
They protect GFCI downstream
Can GFCI be reset if tripped?
A) yes
B) no
A) yes
Most ORs use which kind of electrical circuit?
A) polarized plug
B) three-pronged plug
C) GFCI
D) Isolated ungrounded
D) isolated ungrounded electrical circuits
Isolation transformers work through electomagnetic conduction. What kind of contact do they have between primary circuit and secondary circuit?
A) varying contact
B) direct contact
C) no contact
D) none of the above
C) no contact
Isolation transformers use _______ inductance to produce an ungrounded secondary current that is isolated from primary, grounded system
magnetic
How does and ungrounded circuit become grounded?
A) fuse
B) cross over
C) power gives out
D) leakage current
D) leakage current
In a leakage current, small amounts of current flow to ground, even though there is no direct connection to the ground wire.
usually not a problem, unless multiple plugs are being used increasing quantity if leakage current in which case ungrounded becomes grounded
Line isolated monitors (LIM) are designed to measure ______ to sound of both lines in an isolated ungrounded circuit
impedance
impedance is the opposition of resistance to flow of current
High impedance results in
A) low currents
B) moderate currents
C) large currents
D) current is unaffected by impedance
A) low currents
Low impedance results in
A) low currents
B) moderate currents
C) large currents
D) current is unaffected by impedance
C) large currents
when the line isolated monitor (LIM) alarm goes off this indicates?
A) circuit was disconnected
B) to little circuits are connected
C) circuit has become compromised
D) The LIM is not working
C) circuit has become compromised
To identify fault equipment, unplug one device at at time until alarm turns off, last alarm to go off lets you know it was faulty
When identifying faulty equipment when the LIM alarm goes off, you unplug one device at at time until current on LIM drops below what preset list (mA)? this will cause alarm to turn off.
A) 20 or 25 mA
B) 10 or 15 mA
C) 2 or 5 mA
D) none of the above
C) 2 or 5 mA
Electrosurgery employs high frequency current in approximate range of
A) 5 to 7 mHz
B) 0.1 to 0.2 mHz
C) 0.3 to 2 mHz
D) 3 to 5 mHz
c) 0.3 to 2 mHz
Electric power is dissipated as ______.
heat
Unipolar is introduced into ______ via a small electrode that produces a very high current as it trips
the body
Unipolar devices do not require use of grounding pad. T/F
False
they do use grounded pads. Very important to replace electrode to make proper physical and electrical contact with patients body if not severe burns can result
Bipolar uses two closely spaced small electrodes. Electricity will flow between the two and not the rest of the body. T/F
True!
Bipolar devices do not require grounding pad. T/F
True!
Thermal destruction of tissue or ESU creates smoke plum of laser generated air contaminants (LGACs). What percentage of air contamination is water?
A) 75%
B) 85%
C) 95%
D) 100%
C) 95%
the other 5% is particular material, volatile gases, and microorganisms
laser generated air contaminants can cause (select all that apply)
A) ocular irrigation
B) cardiac collapse
C) respiratory irritation
D) cellular mutation
E) Dermatologic issues
F) oral lesions
A, C, D, E
Viable bacteria and viruses have been retrieved from laser smoke plume. T/F
True
Smoke plume contains fine particulates of what size?
A) 0.1mcm
B) 0.3 mcm
C) 0.5 mcm
D) 0.7 mcm
B) 0.3 mcm
Small enough to deposit into airway and cause irritation
The larges amount of LGAC is from which type of lasers?
CO2 Lasers
Smoke produced from ___ gram of tissue is equal to _____ cigarettes
1 gram = 3-6 cigarettes
What is the recommendation for laser safety (select all that apply)
A) Fan in from at all times
B) 20 Air changes per hour
C) HEPA filter
D) Open door space
E) suction canister
F) suction nozzle 2in from surgical site
E) local exhaust ventilation system
B, C, F, E
Surgical fires are primary associated with use of
A) outlets
B) sx lasers
C) ESU
D) anesthetic agents
C) ESU
Electrical Surgical Units (90% of cases)
Lasers account for 10%
Majority of surgical fires are due to high risk procedures of?
head, neck and upper chest
Most common site of surgical fires
A) face
B) chest
D) airway
E) body
D) Airway (34%)
head/face (28%)
In additon to burns, patient injuries include inhalation of _______ of combustion
toxic products
These include CO, NH3, HCl, CN-
The fire triangle has 3 components what are they?
Fuel source
Ignition source
Oxider
What are some prevention methods to avoid fires
- Education/Training
- Avoid open air delivery
- Limit supplemental O2 < 30% (off 1 min before ESU)
- Alert Sx team to any fire hazard sources
- Let prep solution dry completely
- Use water-soluble lubricants on facial hair
- Use flam retardant drapes, laser resistant ETT (fill cuff with saline/dye)
- Use moistened sponges
- Continuous suction scavenger
- Water and Extinguishers on standby
What does RACE stand for
R- rescue patient
A - alert staff, activate fire alarm
C- confine fire
E - evacuate room
What does PASS stand for
P- pull pin
A - aim at base of fire
S - squeeze handle
S- sweep side to side
It is important to avoid O2 in MAC cases if patient can go safely without, but if supplemental O2 is needed, what is something you can do to reduce risk of fire?
Use LMA. inflate with dye and wrap cuff in moist gauze
What makes use of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tools a fire hazards?
Easily ignite
Produce toxic material
increase damage to air way
PVCs include nasal cannulas, masks, oral/nasal airways, and ETTs
Are breathing circuits considered a fire hazard?
A) yes
B) no
A) yes
The barium sulfate strip on the PVC is a protective element to reduce fire hazard. T/F
False!!!!
Barium strip on most PVC tube has faster ignition rate than PVC
What is an alternative to PVC that we can use to reduce risk of fire hazards?
RED RUBBER TUBES because:
- More resistant to ignition
- slower rate of burn
- Produces less toxic smoke
*However, can melt and produce CO
SILICONE TUBES because:
- Less combustible
* However, inhalation of silica ash may produce pulmonary damage
You’re in a laser case, pt is intubated on sevo and 2L/min O2 and 6L/min N2O. All of the sudden your tube lights on fire because the surgeon did not notify when he was going to use the laser and drape caught on fire leading to your tube catching fire. What do you do now? Walk me through your crisis management
