W7 - Movement

Question 1

Proprioception

Answer 1

A bodily sensor that tracks where the parts of the body are.

-Because of proprioceptions, you can touch your nose with your eyes close

Question 2

Proprioceptors

Answer 2

receptor that is sensitive to the position

• touch receptors
• muscle spindles & Golgi tendon organs

Question 3

Muscle spindle

Answer 3

Sensitive to muscle stretch.

Question 4

Golgi Tendon Organ

Answer 4

Sensitive to muscle tension.

Question 5

Infant reflexes

Answer 5

Rooting, grasp, Babinski

Question 6

Allied reflexes

Answer 6

sneezing closing eyes in strong sunlight

Question 7

Postural reflexes

Answer 7

control body and limb position

Question 8

Central patter generators

Answer 8

Neural mechanisms in spinal cord that generate rhythmic patterns.

-sets and frequencies of 3-4 times/sec

Question 9

Motor program

Answer 9

A fixed sequence of movements and automatic patterns

innate - animals self washing, yawning
leaned - riding a bike, speaking

Question 10

Cerebral cortex

Answer 10

important for couplex actions such as writing

less voluntary movements are controlled by subcortical areas e.g., coughing, laughing, crying

Question 11

Primary motor cortex

Answer 11

Directly innervates some lower motor neuron

-increased activity ~300ms before movement

Question 12

Premotor cortex

Answer 12

Active during PREPARATION of a movement, receives information about target location and outputs to primary motor cortex

Question 13

Posterior parietal cortex

Answer 13

attention to space around us, outputs to premotor cortex

Question 14

SMA (supplementary motor area)

Answer 14

active during preparation for well learned movements, e.g., typing, dancing, speaking

-internally cued, prevents habitual errors

Question 15

Lateral premotor cortex

Answer 15

-externally cued. habitual errors

Question 16

Role of cerebellum

Answer 16

• predictive error correction
• provide timing info for motor program execution
• enhances new motor program and skills

Question 17

Predictive error correction

Answer 17

compares intended movement with actual movement and acts to reduce difference in real time

Question 18

Cellular organisation in cerebellum

Answer 18

• few feedback loops
• linear progression of information
• maintains timing information

Question 19

Basal Ganglia

Answer 19

Stores sensory information to guide movements, learn rules and organise sequences of movements into a smooth, automatic whole

Question 20

Inhibiting an undesired movement

Answer 20

Globus pallidus –> thalamus are ‘tonically active’, always active unless being inhibited

-the globes pallidus inhibits the thalamus

Question 21

Enhancing desired movements

Answer 21

SN activates the putamen

Which inhibits the globes pallidus –> thalamus free to excite the SMA

Question 22

Parkinsons disease

Answer 22

Gradual death of dopaminergic neurons in SN (substantial nigra)
- SN ‘switch’ gets stuck on off

Question 23

Levodopa (L-DOPA)

Answer 23

most common treatment for Parkinson’s

• crosses blood-barrier and is converted to dopamine
• effective in early to intermediate stages
• does not stop progression

Question 24

Huntington’s Disease

Answer 24

neurological disorder, damage to caudate nucleus, putamen and global pallidus and some in the cerebral cortex

Question 25

Huntington’s Disease symptoms

Answer 25

appear between 30-50 years

• begin with jerky arm movements, later tremors spread and develop writhing
• cannot learn or improve movements
• includes depression, anxiety, hallucination & schizophrenia