w7

Question 1

how does therapy lead to change

Answer 1

• Conventional perspective: gradual & in proportion to intervention efforts
• How do some treatments lead to change? Largely unknown (exception: extinction-based therapy)
• Accumulating evidence for nonlinearity and chaoticity of psychotherapy dynamics
• Phase-transition-like behavior (self organization): sudden gains or losses in symptom severity

Question 2

limitations of RCTs

Answer 2

• We don’t learn anything about change, stability and timing, and factors related to those concepts of change
• Limited external validity
• Assumes clear boundaries between clinical categories (but: comorbidity is real!)
• Expensive and time-intensive

Question 3

why cant we use ANOVA in N=1

Answer 3

because aova does not correct for autocorelations

Question 4

autocorelations

Answer 4

or dependency errors
tendency of measures taken closer in time to be more similar

Question 5

how can we calculate the slope of the intervention phase

Answer 5

intervention phase = b2+b3

Question 6

what approach does psychology use nomothetic or idiographic approach

Answer 6

nomothetic

The nomothetic approach seeks broad generalizations, while the idiographic approach aims for detailed, individualized understanding.

Question 7

how does phase transition like behavior look like

Answer 7

there is a stable pretransition phase - then a period of instability - which leads to a posttransition stable phase

Question 8

why would u want to randomise the baseline

Answer 8

to make sure you are seeing the effects of the treatment not random vairation, for example that the increase in well being is bcs of start of treatmnet not because its friday night

Question 9

when do you use N=1 research

Answer 9

• To test an RCT-proven intervention in
  clinical practice, with comorbid cases or rare disorders
• To run a pilot study before starting a largescale RCT
• To compare participants with themselves across different phases

Question 9

why would you want to compare more than the averages of the N=1 analysis

Answer 9

because sometimes not taking slopes intoa ccount could lead to incorect conclusions. we want to know if the slope in the treatmernt iks bigger than the slope in the baseline

Question 10

what are the 2 options of analysing N=1 research

Answer 10

1. compare the averages between the baseline, treatment, follow up…
   2.a) compare end points across phases
   b) compare changes across phases

Question 11

Why is the variable subject needed?

Answer 11

Variable that determines
dependency of errors

Question 12

why is the variable time needed

Answer 12

Variable that creates autocorrelation (errors of nearby timepoints resemble)

Question 13

what is AR1

Answer 13

Specific model for autocorrelation

Question 14

what are assumptions underlying EST methodology

Answer 14

1. psychopathology is highly malleable
2. most patients have a single disorder or can be treated as if they do
3. psychological symptoms can be understood and treated in isolation from personality factors
4. RCTs provide gold standard for assesing therapeutic efficacy