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TOXICO PHA3800 > W6: Toxic responses of the endocrine system > Flashcards

W6: Toxic responses of the endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones are ______ secretion of the body.

A

Endogenous

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2
Q

The two classes of hormones are:

A

water soluble (hydrophilic) and lipid soluble (hydrophobic)

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3
Q

Water soluble hormones are made from

A

Polypeptide and amino acid derivative

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4
Q

A famous example of polypeptide hormone is

A

Insulin

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5
Q

A famous example of amino acid derived hormone is

A

Epinephrine

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6
Q

Receptor of this hormone is located at the surface of the cell:

A

Water soluble hormones

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7
Q

Lipid soluble hormones are made from

A

cholesterol

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8
Q

_____ hormones can easily pass through the membrane

A

Lipid soluble membrane

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9
Q

Most of the receptor of this hormone is located inside the cell:

A

Lipid soluble hormones

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10
Q

Examples of lipid soluble hormones are:

A

Cortisol and Thyroxine

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11
Q

Hydrophilic hormones exit the endocrine cells by

A

exocytosis

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12
Q

Hydrophilic hormones ______ in the blood and travel to target sites

A

dissolve

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13
Q

Hydrophobic hormones exit the endocrine cell by ___

A

Diffusion

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14
Q

Hydrophobic hormones need to bind _____ in the blood to be distributed

A

Carrier proteins

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15
Q

How many percent of hydrophobic hormones are free hormones in the blood?

A

<1%

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16
Q

The major endocrine gland in your brain is

A

Pituitary gland

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17
Q

Major endocrine gland beneath your larynx are___

A

Thyroid and Parathyroid gland

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18
Q

Other than thyroid, the other major gland that starts with a T is ____

A

Thymus

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19
Q

The two major gland at your peritoneal area are ____

A

Pancreas and adrenal gland

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20
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Beneath the hypothalamus

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21
Q

Who is the MASTER GLAND? Why?

A

Pituitary, because it controls other glands such as thyroid, adrenal, testis etc.

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22
Q

Posterior pituitary secretes only 2 hormones which are___

A 
Antidiuretic hormones (ADH)  = conserve body water
Oxytocin = stimulate uterine contraction and milk ejection

Mnemonic = PAO

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23
Q

This hormone causes milk production and is made in anterior pit.

A

Prolactin

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24
Q

This hormone stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones and is made in anterior pit

A

TSH

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25
This hormone stimulates growth, lipid and carb metabolism, made in anterior pit
Growth hormone
26
This hormone stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids and is made in anterior pit
Adrenocorticotropic
27
Luteinizing hormone and Follicle stimulating hormones are made in
Anterior pituitary
28
Heavy metals such as cadmium, lead and mercury can decrease
LH and FSH secretion
29
Other than LH and FSH, cadmium also decreases growth hormone and __
Prolactin
30
What are the two compounds found in electronics that inhibit LH, TSH and FSH?
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs)
31
2-Mercaptobenothiazole in rubber products can enter drinking water and cause____ ___
pituitary tumors!
32
T3 and T4 for metabolism are secreted by____
Thyroid gland
33
This hormone reduces blood calcium concentration by inhibiting ca release from bone to blood What is this and where is it made?
Calcitonin made in thyroid
34
Function of T3 and T4 are to increase metabolic rate and _____
promote protein synthesis
35
Parathyroid gland produces only one hormone. Which is___
Parathyrin
36
Parathyrin can regulate serum calcium (increase), serum phosphate and___
vitamin D synthesis (convert inactive vit D to active form)
37
This chemical found in pesticides increase thyroid volume and autoimmune thyroid disease.
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
38
Perfluorinated chemicals (mainly carbon and fluoride) decrease T3 and T4 levels by _____
upregulating phase II enzymes in liver and deiodinases in the thyroid
39
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) inhibit _____ and decrease level of thyroid hormone by _______.
- inhibiting binding of thyroid hormones to thyroid receptors - decrease thyroid hormones by inhibiting their synthesis
40
Malathion is an insecticide that can lead to ____cancer
parathyroid cancer
41
Hexachlorobenzene is a fungicide that can lead to _____ cancer
parathyroid cancer
42
What heavy metal can lead to parathyroid cancer ?
Lead
43
Thymosin hormone produced in ___
thymus lahh
44
Thymosin hormone responsible for ____ of T cells.
maturation of T cells
45
Thymus is affected by chemicals found in pesticides. Why is the thymus of the fetus susceptible?
Because the thymus gland in the fetus is still in developing stage and it is very active as it is busy producing T cells.
46
How many types of cells are there in pancreas?
alpha, beta, delta and F cells.
47
Alpha cells of pancreas produces
glucagon
48
Beta cells of pancreas produces
Insulin
49
Somatostatin is produced by
Delta cells
50
Pancreatic polypeptide is produced by
F cells
51
Glucagon function is to break down glycogen in ____ and _____. This causes _____ in glucose levels in ______.
in the liver and muscles. | causes increase glucose levels in the blood
52
Somatostatin function is to inhibit the release of ________ hormones.
gastrointestinal hormones
53
What hormones is this? - lower glucose level in blood - synthesis of glycogen - excessive glycogen oxidation in tissues - in crease permeability for glucose - lower protein break-down
INSULIN LAH
54
What hormone regulate pancreas secretion and affect the hepatic glycogen?
Pancreatic polypeptide
55
What cells in pancreas are sensitive to chemicals?
Beta cells (the one that produce insulin)
56
______ is a naturally occurring agent produced by Streptomyces achromogenes that targets beta cells DNA.
Streptozocin
57
_______ is an antibiotic that can affect beta cells
Clindamycin
58
Pancreatitis can be caused by ____ &_____&______.
Alcohol, smoking and autoimmune
59
Common cause of acute pancreatitis are ____ and ___.
Alcohol abuse and gallstones
60
Pancreatic cancer has _____ prognosis.
Poor prognosis. It is one of the deadliest cancer in the world
61
Chronic exposure of pancreas to xenobiotics may result in ______.
Progression of diabetes
62
Where is the adrenal gland located?
Just above the kidney
63
What are the two parts of adrenal gland?
Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
64
What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?
From inside to out: - reticularis - fasciculata - glomerulosa
65
The adrenal medulla only produces two hormones:
Medulla = Adrenaline Noradrenaline Mnemonic = MAN
66
Adrenal cortex produces 3 hormones which are :
Glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids and sex hormones.
67
Function of glucocorticoids =
to increases glucose level by stimulating glucose production
68
Function of mineralcorticoids =
regulates uptake of sodium and acid/base balance
69
Xenobiotics that are lipid _____ causes the most problems to adrenal gland.
Lipid soluble causes problems
70
The adrenal _____ is affected by toxins because it has large amount of lipid storage
Adrenal cortex
71
_______ is a lipidosis inducer that results in necrosis of adrenal cortex due to accumulation of fat, particularly fasciculata and reticularis.
Acrylonitrile (used in plastic and nitrile rubbers industries)
72
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) can target _____ secretion of the adrenal gland
glucocorticoid secretion
73
Ethanol, _____ and _____ are involve in over secretion of endogenous glucocorticoids
Ethanol, cocaine and anticancer drugs.

TOXICO PHA3800 (2 decks)

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