Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

TOXICO PHA3800 > W6: Toxic responses of the endocrine system > Flashcards

W6: Toxic responses of the endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones are ______ secretion of the body.

A

Endogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The two classes of hormones are:

A

water soluble (hydrophilic) and lipid soluble (hydrophobic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Water soluble hormones are made from

A

Polypeptide and amino acid derivative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A famous example of polypeptide hormone is

A

Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A famous example of amino acid derived hormone is

A

Epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Receptor of this hormone is located at the surface of the cell:

A

Water soluble hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lipid soluble hormones are made from

A

cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

_____ hormones can easily pass through the membrane

A

Lipid soluble membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Most of the receptor of this hormone is located inside the cell:

A

Lipid soluble hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Examples of lipid soluble hormones are:

A

Cortisol and Thyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hydrophilic hormones exit the endocrine cells by

A

exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hydrophilic hormones ______ in the blood and travel to target sites

A

dissolve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hydrophobic hormones exit the endocrine cell by ___

A

Diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hydrophobic hormones need to bind _____ in the blood to be distributed

A

Carrier proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many percent of hydrophobic hormones are free hormones in the blood?

A

<1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The major endocrine gland in your brain is

A

Pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Major endocrine gland beneath your larynx are___

A

Thyroid and Parathyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Other than thyroid, the other major gland that starts with a T is ____

A

Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The two major gland at your peritoneal area are ____

A

Pancreas and adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Beneath the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who is the MASTER GLAND? Why?

A

Pituitary, because it controls other glands such as thyroid, adrenal, testis etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Posterior pituitary secretes only 2 hormones which are___

A 
Antidiuretic hormones (ADH)  = conserve body water
Oxytocin = stimulate uterine contraction and milk ejection

Mnemonic = PAO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

This hormone causes milk production and is made in anterior pit.

A

Prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

This hormone stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones and is made in anterior pit

A

TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

This hormone stimulates growth, lipid and carb metabolism, made in anterior pit

A

Growth hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

This hormone stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids and is made in anterior pit

A

Adrenocorticotropic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Luteinizing hormone and Follicle stimulating hormones are made in

A

Anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Heavy metals such as cadmium, lead and mercury can decrease

A

LH and FSH secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Other than LH and FSH, cadmium also decreases growth hormone and __

A

Prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the two compounds found in electronics that inhibit LH, TSH and FSH?

A

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs)

31
Q

2-Mercaptobenothiazole in rubber products can enter drinking water and cause____ ___

A

pituitary tumors!

32
Q

T3 and T4 for metabolism are secreted by____

A

Thyroid gland

33
Q

This hormone reduces blood calcium concentration by inhibiting ca release from bone to blood What is this and where is it made?

A

Calcitonin made in thyroid

34
Q

Function of T3 and T4 are to increase metabolic rate and _____

A

promote protein synthesis

35
Q

Parathyroid gland produces only one hormone. Which is___

A

Parathyrin

36
Q

Parathyrin can regulate serum calcium (increase), serum phosphate and___

A

vitamin D synthesis (convert inactive vit D to active form)

37
Q

This chemical found in pesticides increase thyroid volume and autoimmune thyroid disease.

A

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)

38
Q

Perfluorinated chemicals (mainly carbon and fluoride) decrease T3 and T4 levels by _____

A

upregulating phase II enzymes in liver and deiodinases in the thyroid

39
Q

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) inhibit _____ and decrease level of thyroid hormone by _______.

A
  • inhibiting binding of thyroid hormones to thyroid receptors
  • decrease thyroid hormones by inhibiting their synthesis
40
Q

Malathion is an insecticide that can lead to ____cancer

A

parathyroid cancer

41
Q

Hexachlorobenzene is a fungicide that can lead to _____ cancer

A

parathyroid cancer

42
Q

What heavy metal can lead to parathyroid cancer ?

A

Lead

43
Q

Thymosin hormone produced in ___

A

thymus lahh

44
Q

Thymosin hormone responsible for ____ of T cells.

A

maturation of T cells

45
Q

Thymus is affected by chemicals found in pesticides. Why is the thymus of the fetus susceptible?

A

Because the thymus gland in the fetus is still in developing stage and it is very active as it is busy producing T cells.

46
Q

How many types of cells are there in pancreas?

A

alpha, beta, delta and F cells.

47
Q

Alpha cells of pancreas produces

A

glucagon

48
Q

Beta cells of pancreas produces

A

Insulin

49
Q

Somatostatin is produced by

A

Delta cells

50
Q

Pancreatic polypeptide is produced by

A

F cells

51
Q

Glucagon function is to break down glycogen in ____ and _____. This causes _____ in glucose levels in ______.

A

in the liver and muscles.

causes increase glucose levels in the blood

52
Q

Somatostatin function is to inhibit the release of ________ hormones.

A

gastrointestinal hormones

53
Q

What hormones is this?

  • lower glucose level in blood
  • synthesis of glycogen
  • excessive glycogen oxidation in tissues
  • in crease permeability for glucose
  • lower protein break-down
A

INSULIN LAH

54
Q

What hormone regulate pancreas secretion and affect the hepatic glycogen?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

55
Q

What cells in pancreas are sensitive to chemicals?

A

Beta cells (the one that produce insulin)

56
Q

______ is a naturally occurring agent produced by Streptomyces achromogenes that targets beta cells DNA.

A

Streptozocin

57
Q

_______ is an antibiotic that can affect beta cells

A

Clindamycin

58
Q

Pancreatitis can be caused by ____ &_____&______.

A

Alcohol, smoking and autoimmune

59
Q

Common cause of acute pancreatitis are ____ and ___.

A

Alcohol abuse and gallstones

60
Q

Pancreatic cancer has _____ prognosis.

A

Poor prognosis. It is one of the deadliest cancer in the world

61
Q

Chronic exposure of pancreas to xenobiotics may result in ______.

A

Progression of diabetes

62
Q

Where is the adrenal gland located?

A

Just above the kidney

63
Q

What are the two parts of adrenal gland?

A

Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

64
Q

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

A

From inside to out:

  • reticularis
  • fasciculata
  • glomerulosa
65
Q

The adrenal medulla only produces two hormones:

A

Medulla =
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline

Mnemonic = MAN

66
Q

Adrenal cortex produces 3 hormones which are :

A

Glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids and sex hormones.

67
Q

Function of glucocorticoids =

A

to increases glucose level by stimulating glucose production

68
Q

Function of mineralcorticoids =

A

regulates uptake of sodium and acid/base balance

69
Q

Xenobiotics that are lipid _____ causes the most problems to adrenal gland.

A

Lipid soluble causes problems

70
Q

The adrenal _____ is affected by toxins because it has large amount of lipid storage

A

Adrenal cortex

71
Q

_______ is a lipidosis inducer that results in necrosis of adrenal cortex due to accumulation of fat, particularly fasciculata and reticularis.

A

Acrylonitrile (used in plastic and nitrile rubbers industries)

72
Q

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) can target _____ secretion of the adrenal gland

A

glucocorticoid secretion

73
Q

Ethanol, _____ and _____ are involve in over secretion of endogenous glucocorticoids

A

Ethanol, cocaine and anticancer drugs.

TOXICO PHA3800 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions