W.6: Alteration in energy balance Flashcards

1
Q

What is the compound in which a lean healthy person stores the most energy?

A

Fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The tissue that exclusively burns glucose?

A

Retina and RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In normal conditions, ratio of brain glucose utilization compared to the entire body in percent?

A

60-70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

BMR is influenced by (6 factors)

A

Age, body surface, temperature, sex, degree of nutrient supply, emotional state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Indirect calorimetry

A

Measurement of exhaled CO2 and inhaled O2 in an isolated system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Conditions with increased energy need

A

Pregnancy, fever, infection, wound healing, trauma, tumor, medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Insulin activates what processes

A

Glycogen synthesis, protein synthesis, fat synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Insulin inhibits what processes

A

Lipolysis, gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Glucagon and epinephrine stimulates what processes

A

Lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cortisol stimulates what processes

A

Gluconeogenesis, proteolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ACTH, CTH, thyroid hormone enhances what process

A

Lipolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Elevated glucose levels after a meal enhances ……. by..?

A

Enhances fatty acid synthesis, by increasing cytoplasmic citrate and NADPH-concentrations, and by providing an alpha-glycerophosphate source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Elevated FFA levels during starvation leads to..

A

Inhibition of cellular glucose uptake and it enhances glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where do we store protein? How many percent of our body mass?

A

Muscle, 12-17% of body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where do we store carbohydrates? How many percent of our body mass?

A

Liver and muscle as glycogen, blood as sugar. Less than 1 percent of body mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where do we store fat? How many percent of our body mass?

A

Stored in adipose tissue, 15-25% of body mass

17
Q

What is the energy source of connective tissue in starvation?

A

Fatty acids

18
Q

Besides glucose, what is burnt by the brain in adapted (late) starvation?

A

Ketone bodies

19
Q

Appropriate laboratory test if chronic malnutrition is suspected?

A

Se Albumin

20
Q

Processes taking place in the postprandial period (0-6 hours after meal)

A

Protein synthesis, glycogen synthesis, triglyceride synthesis (high insulin/glucagon ratio)

21
Q

Processes taking place in the postabsorption period (6-24 hours after meal)

A

Glycogenolysis (while stores last), gluconegenesis (liver)

  • Glucose consumption in muscle and fat tissue decreases -> uses fat instead
  • Ketone body production in the liver
22
Q

Processes taking place in the early, non adapted starvation (1-3 days after meal)

A
  • Glucose source: Gluconeigenesis (liver and renal cortex)
  • Glucose consumption: Minimal in muscle, decreases in brain (use of ketone bodies increases)
  • Now high level of ketone body production
23
Q

Processes taking place in the late, adapted starvation (>3 days after meal)

A
  • Glucose sourse: Gluconeogenesis
  • Glucose consumption: Decreases in the brain (2:1 ratio of ketone bodies to glucose)
    (Always unchanged glucose consumption in RBC and renal medulla)
24
Q

Clinical conditions causing ketosis

A

Starvation/fasting, untreated diabetes mellitus 1, alcoholism, ketogenic diet, vomiting (mostly in children)

25
What conditions can be treated with a ketogenic diet?
Certain epileptic conditions, and its also a way of loosing weight
26
2 diseases caused by insufficient protein intake in childhood
Kwashiorkor, Marasmus
27
Three criteria for suspicion of malnutrition
- 10% unwanted weight loss in 3 months - Body mass <90% of ideal - BMI <18,5 kg/m2
28
Definition of cachexia
Significant weight loss caused by certain conditions, where the decrease of body mass cannot be explained by the decreased calorie intake alone. It affects mostly the muscle mass
29
During cachexia, the ubiquitin-proteasome system is activated. What are its components?
Inflammatory mediators: TNFalpha, IL-6, IL-1beta | Mediators produced by the tumor: Proteolysis inducing factor (PIF)
30
Most important peptide synthesized in adipose tissue that affects food intake?
Leptin
31
A complication of the respiratory system in obesity?
Pickwick syndrome
32
Hormone stimulating lipogenesis?
Insulin
33
If we have an increase in adipose tissue, leptin levels will... and lead to...?
Leptin levels will rise -> decreased food intake, increased energy expenditure, sympathetic activity increased