W6 - Advance cue Utilisation Flashcards
Define advance cue utilisation:
“ability to make accurate predictions based on contextual information available early in the action sequence” (Abernethy, 1987)
- Time it takes you to response (dive across the goal) is the same as the time you have to respond (for the ball to reach the goal)
- ability to make predictions upon partial or advance sources of information
How can occlusions be used in training?
occlusions: temporal (timing) and spatial (removing space of visual field) - removing info
* Temporal occlusion - selectively edited at different points to provide the subject with a varying extent of advance and ball flight information
* Elite Goal keepers were able to detect which half of the goal the ball was going to, but height of the ball needed the initial portion of flight in order to be successful
* Greater horizontal accuracy compared to vertical
Describe:
- reaction time paradigm
- lab & field based/ control vs context learning:
- reaction time paradigm - time at which they react and time to study it (do experts react earlier)
- Reaction time may be faster particularly be the case in situations where stimulus information is continuously rather than suddenly available
–> latency ~200ms - studied in a controlled lab or in the field
Describe the Badminton (Abernethy & Russell, 1987) study:
- -167ms pre-impact both experts and novices had increased error
- experts have lower error than novices over all occlusions
- amount of error decreased as occlusions became closer/after impact
- when no occlusion experts had less error than novices
Describe the Football penalties (Williams & Bruwitz, 1993) study:
- in the lab where subjects had to click a key for where they predicted the penalty would go
- enhances perceptual skills on & off field
- height was harder to guess earlier on
- direction was easier to guess
- experienced players had better performance than novices
- Experts look at less fixations and for a longer time period, looking at the head early on, but support this with later info
- Novices look more at arms and hips
What is the difference between:
- disguise and deception
Disguise:
* performed to keep an opponent in suspense and maintain outcome ambiguity – to conceal one’s true intention (Helm et al., 2017)
* maintain chance level (success = 50:50)
- Not allowing the opponent to know where you are kicking
Deception:
* performed to deliberatively mislead an opponent for the purpose of triggering an incorrect motor response (Jackson et al., 2006)
* below chance level (success = 0%)
Tricking the opponent
What are the 3 assumptions of MPT?
- the targeted skill should discriminate between athletes of different skill levels.
- improvements in the skill of interest should be possible through training.
- any improvement in that skill should transfer to enhanced on-field performance. - with live competition elements
Give examples of MPT approaches:
- Touch screen: e.g.: Fixator targets low-to-mid order PC skills, to create non-specific reach-and-touch responses.
LED lighting equipment target hand-eye coordination, to create non-specific reach-and-touch responses. - Simplified essential performance info e.g.: point-light display targets mid-order PC skills (attention, awareness) to create verbal, mouse-click responses.
- sports vision training: targeting depth perception, ocular tracking. Using symbols & patterns as stimuli to manipulate ocular adjustments
- PCT: All target anticipation & decision. video-based- uses TV making causing verbal, written or button pressing responses, interactive - uses VR causing natural skill execution response, field-based - uses occlusion, stroboscopic glasses to crease natural skill execution responses.
- computer-based tools: use eyegym apps to target low-order visual-perceptual skills, to crease ocular adjustment responses.
What is the relationship between experts and deception?
- more, less, or equally susceptible to deception? - experts are less susceptible, but because
They are looking in the right place it might actually be easier to deceive them(not true) - does the ability to attend to advance visual cues leave performers susceptible to deception?
Experts:
* better at predicting outcome of deceptive actions (Brault et al. 2012)
* not affected as much by deceptive actions (Jackson et al. 2006)
What study showed response accuracy to occlusions in rugby?
Higher-skilled players: (Warren-West & Jackson, 2002)
* less susceptible to deception
* better able to detect when they’d been deceived
* Deceptive movements resulted in less accuracy then genuine movements
* less bias towards perceiving actions as genuine
* Early part of movement can deceive by later part can allow them to detect they are being deceived
What is the difference in gaze results between low and high skilled players (Warren-West & Jackson, 2002)?
- as the opponent approached, both groups:
– legs → torso - so can pick up on earlier movement - Lower-skilled > HS: time viewing head
- Higher-skilled > LS: time viewing hips
Lower skilled get fooled more but higher skilled correct earlier
Stimuli: - Deceptive movement
Results:
Higher skilled players get fooled earlier on, but then correction is also earlier(more time for correction)
What is stroboscopic training?
What technology is used to implement it?
- Stroboscopic training - aims to enhance visual stimuli sensitivity by interrupting the natural flow of visual information
- stroboscopic glasses have been used during on-ice training tasks to train professional ice hockey forward and defence players in shooting and long pass accuracy, as measured in position-specific on-ice (i.e. representative) tests
Describe the representative learning design:
- Assesses field-based practice tasks in sport (i.e.: competition)
- e.g.: for skill practice to be most effective, tasks should accurately recreate performance-relevant information sources that athletes perceive and use to support movement coordination.
- So skills should better transfer into competition
What are the 3 interacting factors important for an representative learning design (RLD) (Hadlow et al., 2018)?
- perceptual processes that link
- Information
- action, which align with the three identified factors that differentiate MPT tools (targeted perceptual function, stimuli and response mode)
What is the most recent technique for assessing visual cue utilisation?
- liquid crystal occlusion techniques have been used to assess visual cue usage in field-based situations. Starkes, Edwards, Dissanayake and Dunn (1995) used such glasses to control visual exposure in a field experiment of temporal occlusion.
- on expert and novice volleyball players
