Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NSG 1521 FINAL > W5/W6 Neurological System and Head/Neck > Flashcards

W5/W6 Neurological System and Head/Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Describe 2 divisions of the nervous system

A
  1. Central Nervous System: Brain, cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem ( pons , mid brain, medulla) Spinal cord
  2. Peripheral system: Cranial nerves (12) and spinal nerves (31 pairs)
    - Somatic Voluntary: motor and sensory
    - Autonomic nervous system: Sympatheic (fight) or parasympatheic systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Higher brain functions , governing memory, thoughts, descion making, voluntary movements
  • Two hemispheres and 4 lobes
    1. Thalmus: center for sensory info and motor
    2. Hypothalmus: regulaes vital functions such as BP, HR, appetie , hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Right/Left side of brain

A
  • controls mainly speech, analytical side, control right motor and sensory information.
  • Right side is more creative, controling ; left motor and sensory information.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Brain stem

A

Composed of midbrain, medulla ( autonomic respiration, cardiac, GI tract)
- has ret. system which increases wakefulnness, attention, responsive
- Midbrain, medulla, pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cerebellum functions

A
  • ## Posture, coordination and balance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Language Centers

A

1) Wernickes area: temporal lobe associated with langauge comprehension ( aphasia results in the inability to understand language)
2) Brocas area: frontal lobe controls speech motpr, damage causes trouble producing the motor sound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Continue from brainstem connecting brain to spinal nerves. Composed of sensory pathways ( travel through spinothalmaic tract or dorsal posterior columns) Also composed of motor pathways ( travel through cortiospinal , extrapyramidal, and cellular systems)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ascending Spinal Cord Tract

A

Sensation travels in the afferent ( sensory) fibers in peripheral nerves through the posterior dorsal root then into spinal cord. Within spinal cord , may take one of 2 ways: Spinothalmaic tract or Posterior columns. Ascen. carries sensory info from peripheral to higher CNS.
1. Spinothalmaic: fibers transmit sensations of pain, touch, temperature, connects to thalmus center.
2. Posterior columns: conducts sensations of position (proprioreception) , vibration, fine touch (stereognosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Descending tract spinal cord

A

Carries infomration related to motor functions and muscle movement from motor cortext to spinal nerves controlling movements Takes three ways:
Corticospinal tract: vol. movemenst, very skilled discrete purposeful movements like writing.
Extrapyramidial tracts: maintain muscle tone, control movements, gross movements like walking
Cerbellar System: coorindates posture, balance, equilibrium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Peripheral System

A

Composed of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, autonomic nervous system.
Peripheral nerves carry input to CNS via sensory afferent fibers and exists via efferent motor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Enter and exit the brain rather than spinal.
12 pairs of CN supply head and neck.
CN I Olfactor: Sensory nerve for smell
CN II Optic: Sensory for sight
CN III Oculomotor: Mixed for motor eye movement as well as pupil control.
CN IV Trochelar: Motor nerve for downward and inward eye movement
CN V Trigeminal: mixed nerve that controls muscles for masitfcation and sensory for face sensation
CN VI Abducens ( motor of eye)
CN VII Facial ( mixed facial muscles and taste senses)
CN VIII Acoustic ( sensory , hearing)
CN IX Glosspharyngeal ( mixed, pharynx motor and taste senses)
CN X Vagus ( motor ppharynx, larynx
CN XI Spinal ( motor)
CN XII Hypoglossal ( tongue motor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

31 Pairs
- Arises from the spinal cord nd supplies rest of the body
- Described by their location in relation to veterbare
- 8 cerical, 12 thoraic , 12 Lumbar, 5 sacrcal, 1 coccynx
- The pairs innervates on right/left sides dermatomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A
  1. Sympatheic ( epinphrine and adrenalin)
    During times of stress and fight/flight
  2. Parasympathetic ( acetycholine)
    Relax and rest
    Work together to aid in involuntary functions and contractions.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Neurological Assessment

A

Using a systemic approach
Objective data collection: Starting with general survey + vitals
1. General Survey and Vital Signs ( physical apperance, body structure, behavior, mobility)
2. Inspection Paptation Percussion Asuctation Physcial examination Validate their subjective answers
Subjective data collection:
Pain assessment, health history quetions, open ended and focused ( change in behavior, dizzyness, medications, past ilness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Muscuoskeletal and Neurogenic assessment

A

–> Start with inspection and palptation
–> Inspect body structure ( posture, gait, movements) , physical apperance ( skin, facial expressions, symmetry)
Do in depth assessments when abornomal findings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What subjective data is gathered ?

A

Questionsare asked regarding the following topics:
- Health medical history including diagnoses and pas injuries like stroke, head trama
- Screening tests BP
- Family healt history
- Medications taken
- Allergies
- Any changes in behavior, dizzyness, emotions
- Risk for neurological illnesses ( obesiity, stress)
- Imunizations-> helmet, alochol?
- Smoke? Enviornmental exposures?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Focused health history questions:

A

–> Headache, dizzyness , tremors, seziure, weakness, incoorindation, balance, gait probelms, involuntary movements, syncope ( fainting), veritgo
–> Numbness, dysphagia, changes in senses, vison, speech , memory, attention, mood,
Conduct a OPQRSTUV full assessment on the pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Assessing for level of consciosuness

A

Alert: awake, fully aware of enviornment and responds well and appropriate
Orientated: to person, place, time, event ( AxOx4)
Enter-> voice-> louder-> touch lighter than deeper-> pain)
If the client is not fully alert: call namer, light touch, pain applied
AxO 1 Alert to person AxO 2 Alert to person place AxO 3 Alert to person, place, time AxO 4 person, place, time, event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the glascow coma scale?

A
  • GCS is an objective method of recording ones conscious state and divides brain functioning into three areas: Defines the level of consciosuness through giving a numerical value. Three areas respond: Pt assessed against criteria of scale, results in points giving a pt score between 3 ( deep unconsciosuness) and 15
  • Eye opening: /4 spontaneous, to speech, to pain, no response
  • ** verbal responses: /5 Orientated x3, confused, inappropiate words, incompherensive, none
    -     motor responses: **/6 Obeys, localizes painful stimulus, flexion, extension, no response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the cognititive functions assessed?

A
  • Level of Consciousness ( Alert and oritentation x4)
  • Communication
  • Attention
  • Memory
  • Vocabulary
  • Calculation
  • Descion making
  • Learning ability during health education
  • tested during interactions
    The assesment of cognitive functions, is intergrated with history taking, planning goals care. Ensures pt intelligence not challeneged.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Assessing oritentation

A
  • Vary questions , AxOx4
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Assess mental status

A

MMSE and MocA
- Geriaric Depression Scale

23
Q

Geriatric Depression Scale

A
  • Depression not normal sign aging
  • May be reversible, results in long term impairments affecting life
  • Less than 5 pt results in follow up assessment
24
Q

Objective Neurological Assessment

A

-> Preparation ( screening neuro assessment)
- Neurological exam complete and rechecking too
-> Equiptment: penlight, cotton, tongue blade, sharp/dull obejcts
Neuro assessment will begin with vital signs and general survey

25
PERRLA Pupil Equal Round reatcive to Light Accomodation Test
Be performed in dark room , assess the pupils eyes response to light stimulus -> When assessing look for: size, shape, light response, equal on sides Near objects: pupils constrict Far: pupils dilate Instruct to gaze, hold light obsreve pupils reactivity to light ensure both follow, assess on close and distant objects ( pupils constrict and converge) come together for accomodation.
26
Assessing cranial nerve functions
Lesions on nerves produce issues CN I Olfactory CN II optic CN III, IV, VI oculomotor, trochelar, abducens CN V trigemina; CN VII Facial Cn VIII Acosutic CN IX gloss. and CN X Vagus Cn XI Spinal and CN XII Hypoglossal
27
Assessment of motor and sensory functions
1. Motor: assess gait ( walk), heel-toe walk, romberg test, ringer to ose, rapid movements, heel to shin test 2. Sensory: light touch, sharp/dull test, temperature test, vibrations test, stereognosis test, graphesthesia test, two point discmrination, position sense
28
Muscle Assessment
- Inspect equal sieze, fleion and extension strength, tone ( rom for each)
29
Cerebellar Functioning
Posture, balance, coordination body Assess gait ( smooth balanced walk) 1. Tandem walk: heel to toe walk on line, followed up after a positive romberg test is noted. Eyes are closed 2. Romberg Test: stand feet togther eyes closed 20s , assessing for balance, swaying= positive test. Maintain straight position check for inbalance. If obviosu swaying then cerebeullm issues = positive romberg test-> further assessment is required through Tandem Walk test 3. Assess rapid movements: pat knees with one hand than the other , produce coorindated movements 4. Finger to nose: client touch finger then nose eyes closed and open both. 5. Heel to shin test: eyes closed slide heel up line
30
Cerebellar Motor Functioning Assessment
Assess atrophy, weakness, dysmentria, spasiticity -> Coorindation ( posture, gait, smooth, balanced walked, balanced romberg and tandem walk test) -> Symmetry -> assess conscious pt -> Limb assessment ( strength or resistance) shallow knee bends on one foot then the other.
31
Sensory Assessment
Three main sensation pathways, compare bilaterally, eyes closed. - Light touch - Pain/temperature: assess pain first, dull/sharp then temp if needed. - Position test (proprioreception) 1. Proprioreception: hold finger move up or down , pt closes eyes and tells direction. 2. Assess light touch: use cotton and lighlty move , pt closes eyes , tell when felt. 3. Excinction: touch same spot both sides 4. Poiny locations 5. Vibrations sensation 6. Stereognosis ( idenify familar object) 7. Graphesthesia: trace number on client palm 8. 2 point discrminstion
32
Reflexes
defense, invol. movements that are rapid to respond to pot harmful events. Pathological Reflex Deep tendon ( patellar) Superfical ( corneal) Viseral Plantar: normanl response is no flexion , Babinski ( abnormal)
33
Abnormal Reports in Assessment
- Change in cognition, loss of consciosuness, dizzyness, numbness or weakness, changes in vitals, senses issues. - -> PERRLA
34
Vital Signs
--> Vitals , LOC and glacow scale --> speech clear --> Pupil response plerra Motor functions ( grip strength, arms)
35
Assessing of unconscious paitents
1. LOC Glascow scale 2. plerra 3. symmetry, reflees 4. Motor functions
36
CVA or stroke
Weakness or numbness of face, arms, one side of body Confusion, issue speaking, vision changes, loss of balance, dizzyness F-A-S-T
37
Components to a neurological recheck
LOC: peron, place, time, event Motor functions ( cerebellum tests) Pupillary plerra check basic vitals Glascow Come Scale
38
Health promotion
- Diease treatment, signs and symptoms - Low alcolhol, excerise, lower choles - Brain health , safety
39
Neurlogical Assessment older adults
-> Decreased in brain activty, slower thought processes, loss of muscle tone -> Slower reactions, loss of balance
40
Neurological Documentation and Reporting
- Record posture, gait, ROM - Record LOC, oritentation level, Plerra response, reflex, motor and sensory - report any pain, loss of strength, LOC changes Documentation: Sujective Data: heath history questions, questions about dizzyness, medications, any changes in behavior, motor/sesnory etc. Objective: After inital vital signs and general survey , conduct mental assessment, cranial nerves, motor and sennsory functions.
41
Head and neck assessment
1. Head: scalp, cranial bones, sutures, facial muscles and bones 2. Neck: muscles, trachea, thyroid
42
Neck muscles
Sternomastoid: head rotation and flexion Trapezius: moving shoulder, extending head, turning
43
Thyroid Gland
Two lobes between trachea and sternmastoid muscle Secretes hormones regulating metabolisum usally not papbale - Parathyroid glands are within lobes and produce calcitonin which brings calcium into bones.
44
Lymphatics
Immune function - FIlter pathogens and drain fluid back into blood stream. - Located throughout body, can be examined in the head, neck, axilla
45
How to palptate lymph nodes ?
-> Lymph nodes are usally note palpable - Gentle circular motions of finger pads - Tip head towards side examined for cervical chain - If nodes palpable: find location, size, shape, mobility, consistency, and tenderness. - The nomal node should be moveable, soft, non tendder, find area of drainage if abnormal.
46
What are the salivary glands?
- Sublinguinal, submandibular, partoid glands.
47
Head and neck acute assessment
- Stability of head/neck very essential - Any neurological changes need interventions - Onset of pain should be looked into - Facial dropping or assyemtry indicators of stroke - If lymph nodes are larger than 1cm, tender, fixed must be looked
48
What is the subjective data gathered ?
1. Personal history: allergies, medications, past injuries, conditions, sugeries, risk activities 2. Family History of thyroid issues: education health promotion - Head injuries, dizzyness, changes in behavior, neck pain, lumps, hypo/hyperthyroid - Conducting OPQRSTV assessment
49
Concussion concern
- Initial 24hr after is the highets risk - Changes in LOC and alterness - Behavior changes - Confusion - Unequal pupillary - Vomiting - Blurred vision
50
Types of headaches
-> Tension ( frontal, worsens, chronic) -> Migraine ( throbbing, vomiting, forehead) -> Cluster ( excuriitaing pain, eyes tearing)
51
What is the objective data gathered?
- General survey - Vitals - Head to toe: Includes head and neck assessment through IPPA method 1. Head: inspection of head , palptation of skull Note shape, size, position, lesions, tenderness, movements. Neck muscles 2. Face: facial structures, symmety, palpate TMJ and temporal pulse. 3. Hair: Inspection for texture, distribution 4. Neck: inpection/palptation muslces, symmetry, temporal pulse, swallow, thyroid enlargement. Inspect/palpate trachea, midline. Do not palpate thyroid instead inspect neck when pt swallows for any enlargement or assyemtry.
52
Developmental Aging
- Loss of fat, hair, less neck ROM, cervical spine curvature.
53
What can we do to promote health?
-Seabelts, fall prevention, protective gear, thyroid screens, diagnositc tests ( x-ray, MRI, bloodwork thyroid, jaw pain)
54
How would you document head and neck assessment?
Includes general survey vitals - Subjective data gathered: any dizzyness, head neck pain, headache, history of illness or injury, family history - Objective: IPPA of head and neck: lymph nodes mobile, non tender, and smaller, head structures IP, hair inspection, face symmetry and structures, neck inspect and palptate for ROM, enlargement, symmetry Trachea midline and any thyroid swelling.

NSG 1521 FINAL (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions