W5 Misinformation and False Memories Flashcards
What are true memories distinguished from in source monitoring?
True memories are externally experienced, while false memories are internally generated (imagined).
What characteristics differentiate true memories from false ones?
True memories typically have more sensory/perceptual detail (e.g., visual, sound) and contextual detail (e.g., time, location).
How does ambiguity affect source monitoring?
Increased ambiguity can lead to more source errors as individuals replace memories with schema-consistent information.
What role does event completeness play in source monitoring?
Incomplete events are more likely to result in source errors, as individuals may fill in gaps with non-central information.
How does working memory capacity (WMC) relate to source monitoring?
Higher WMC allows for better allocation of attentional resources, making individuals less susceptible to source monitoring errors.
How do age differences affect source monitoring?
Older individuals may struggle with recalling contextual details, while children are generally more prone to source monitoring errors.
What is the three-step model of false memory creation?
- Perceive the event as plausible.
- Come to believe it happened.
- Reinterpret images and narratives to form a memory.
What findings are associated with the “Lost in the mall” studies?
Some participants falsely “remembered” being lost in a mall after being presented with a mix of true and false childhood events.
What influence do photographs have on memory recall?
Photographs can create false memories; for instance, participants may “remember” events depicted in altered photos (e.g., balloon ride).
What is the misinformation effect?
This occurs when post-event information, such as leading questions or modified details, alters a witness’s memory of an event.
How can co-witness discussions impact memory reports?
Witnesses can incorporate misinformation from co-witnesses, potentially leading to memory blends and source monitoring errors.
What are some consequences of the misinformation effect in real cases?
Witnesses can mistakenly remember details that were suggested to them after an event, as seen in the Oklahoma Bombing case.
What do studies show about the prevalence of co-witness discussions?
Co-witness discussions occur frequently and can significantly influence the accuracy of memory reports.
How do investigators and jurors need to approach eyewitness testimonies in light of misinformation effects?
They should be aware of the potential for memory distortions due to co-witness discussions and suggestive questioning.
