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Cognitive Neuroscience > W4 Stats Interpretation > Flashcards

W4 Stats Interpretation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between a T-test and simple ANOVA?

A
  1. T-test = compares 2 conditions (RM or IG) on the same dependent variable

ANOVA = one way compares 3+ IV means on the same dependent variances

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2
Q

What is a factorial ANOVA?

A

compares the effects of 2 or more factors on the same dependent variable, where the factors can have 2+ levels, either RM or IG, or mixed design

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3
Q

A motivation levels (DV) changing over time at student’s reports at Week 1, Week 3, and Week 5 (IVs)
is an example of?…

A

a one-way ANOVA

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4
Q

What do you need to do after sig. result in ANOVA and why?

A

Significant ANOVA tells you the presence of a significant difference, but not where between which groups, need post-hoc t-tests

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5
Q

A study on whether motivation changes over time with different subjects

IVs = independent groups: subject (psych / biology),
IV = repeated measures: week 1, 6 and 12,
DV = motivation

A

a factorial mixed ANOVA, note different designs of IVs on a single DV

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6
Q

When there is a sig. effect of one of the factors on the DV averaged across levels of the other factor, what is this called?

A

a Main Effect

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7
Q

When the effect of one of the factors changes in magnitude across to the levels of the other factor(s), what is this called?

A

an Interaction Effect

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8
Q

How can you tell Main Effects on a line graph?

A
  1. one of the lines is significantly higher than the other
  2. the average of score is significantly higher in one condition than the other (Average out the scores on the left x-axis and compare averaged scores on the right x-axis to determine main effects for the variable on the x-axis)
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9
Q

How can you tell Interaction Effects on a line graph?

A

non-parallel / shape of the two lines is different across the conditions

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10
Q

Types of Interaction Effects in Quantitative changes / what are ORDINAL interactions?

A

the effect of one variable changes in MAGNITUDE across levels of the other variable

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11
Q

Types of Interaction Effects in Qualitative changes / what are DISORDINAL interactions?

A

An ‘X’ pattern

effect of one variable changes in DIRECTION across levels of the other variable
check the qualitative changes in interaction effects after main effects

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12
Q

What usually happens in a disordinal interaction?

A
  1. unlikely to be any MAIN EFFECTS
  2. strong interaction effect where one variable changes in DIRECTION across levels of the other variable
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13
Q
A
  1. M.E for y-axis
  2. no M.E for x-axis
  3. no interaction
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14
Q

what is this effect?

/. /
/. /

A
  1. M.e for y-axis
  2. M.E for x-axis
  3. no interaction
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15
Q

what is this effect?
/
/
/
————–

A
  1. M.e for y-axis
  2. M.E for x-axis
  3. interaction bc non-parallel
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16
Q

what is this effect?
/
/
/
/
/
/

A
  1. M.e for y-axis
  2. probably not for x-axis as cancel out
  3. interaction bc non-parallel
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17
Q

What were the conclusions for the emotion induced blindness based study?

A
  1. no main effect for distractor
  2. main effect of lag
  3. interaction bc non-parallel
    reduced accuracy in target identification in negative distractor at lag 2 but not at lag 8, 2-way interaction signifies the presence of emotional induced blindness
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18
Q

If you had
DV: Target identification,
IV: valence (negative/neutral)
IV: Lag (2/8)
IV: anxiety (low/high), what is this called?

A

a three-way interaction / mixed anova

FINDINGS: higher trait anxiety produces lower accuracy of targets in negative distractor at lag 2 compared to lower trait anxiety

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19
Q

How to find main effects in bar graphs?

A

(Average out the scores on the left x-axis and compare averaged scores on the right x-axis to determine main effects for the variable on the x-axis)

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20
Q

What do ANOVAs vs ANCOVAs measure?

A

ANOVAs assess categorical IVs on continuous DVs
ANCOVA assess continuous IVs

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21
Q

What is the advantage of using multiple regression over ANOVA?

A

Multiple regression uses continuous IVs AND continuous DVs, multiple IVs
Multiple regression CAN DO CATEGORICAL VIA DUMMY CODING

but ANOVA is often easier and used in more experiments

22
Q

Multiple regression vs. standard regression is like…

A

factorial ANOVA vs. one-way ANOVA

23
Q

What do we use for categorical DVs?

What do we use for multiple DVs?

A

standard regression or ANOVA will NOT WORK, need binary logistic regression
Multiple DVs = use multiple separate ANOVAs
both use MANOVA

24
Q

what 2 THEORIES try to explain properties of objects contribute to object correspondence?

A
  1. Spatial Temporal trajectory: the path an object moves through space and time
  2. Spatial Temporal trajectory AND surface features: path an object moves through space and time + colour, shape, form - this one is more accepted in literature
25
Q

What did the researchers in the rhesus monkey experiment argue only for spatiotemporal trajectory for object correspondence?

A

Condition A does not have a temporal gap in different fruits, condition 3 does have a temporal gap in different fruits - by comparing we can see gauge the role of spatial temporal trajectory

As A only got 21% looking at occluder 1 and C got 61%, and C has the temporal-spatial gap but A didn’t and the types of fruits were kept constant, it can be inferred that the monkeys used spatial temporal trajectory influencing inferences of object correspondence vs. individuation (surface features)

26
Q

What is the rebuttal to the argument that only spatiotemporal trajectory is used for object correspondence?

A

As B only got 15% looking at occluder 1 and C got 61%, and C has the feature change of objects but B does not and the spatial temporal gap was kept constant, it can be inferred that the monkeys ALSO USED SURFACE FEATURES to make inferences about object correspondence through occlusion

The authors claimed that there is a spatial temporal bias in object correspondence, overlooking the significant differences between B and C which isolate surface features and produce different results

27
Q

What did Gable and Harmon Jones argue about emotion on attentional breadth?

A
  1. normal literature finds Models claim positive feelings BROADEN attentional breadth, negative feelings NARROW attentional breadth
  2. they claimed valence pos/neg doesn’t influence attentional breadth, but motivational intensity: the strength of your urge to approach or avoid the stimulus, eg. disgust and desire = both high in motivational intensity

Claimed that anything high in motivational intensity regardless of avoid/approach NARROWS attentional breadth

28
Q

What did Gable and Harmon Jones find in their desert/rock experiment and argue?

A

IV: motivation intensity (rocks / desserts)
DV: Navon task (global / local)

Authors claimed that the dessert stimuli (high motivation intensity) appears to narrow attentional breadth, as the trials for both local and global RTs are similar compared to the ‘rocks’ trial, global precedence disappears = support for the narrowing of attentional breadth

29
Q

What 3 things might be a rebuttal to Gable and Harmon Jones motivational intensity argument?

A
  1. Complexity of the images may cause attentional priming - background sound / focality of the images
    Eg. the desserts have more distinct local features that may briefly predispose them to be faster on subsequent local trials / navon is affected by priming
  2. Desserts have different levels of arousal and valence - a dimension of emotion, could valence of emotion be impacting attentional breadth
  3. Valence of desserts is probably higher than rocks - as they are often more colourful (higher perceptual heterogeneity) - ATTENTIONAL BREADTH IS IMPACTED BY PERCEPTION, NEED TO KEEP PERCEPTUAL FEATURES CONSTANT
30
Q

After all the rebuttals, what might we conclude about motivational intensity?

A

Motivational intensity cannot be disentangled, seen as a distinct construct from valence

31
Q

What kind of data would help to adjudicate (differentiate) between the different models of emotion?

A

see which stimuli are more approached/avoided by putting different things on the floor, eg. same perceptual intensity, 2 IVs focality (low / high) x 2 motivational intensity (low / high)

32
Q

What are the 2 ways we regulate spatial attention?

A
  1. Shifting the focus of our spatial attention / shifts of attention
  2. Changing the width of the spatial attention / attentional breadth
33
Q

What are the two types of attentional shift?

A
  1. Covert shifts of attention = shift of attention occurs without eye movements
  2. Overt shifts of attention = eye movements / saccades
34
Q

What is the Premotor theory of attention?

A
  1. claims that covert shifts of attention elicit weak activation in the same neural networks involved in eye movements

If you strongly stimulate frontal eye fields (FEF) = an eye saccade occurs / overt

If you weakly stimulate frontal eye fields (FEF) = a covert shift of attention
Covert attentional shifts are like low-level eye movements, saving brain resources to make saccades

34
Q

Does attentional shift results in enhanced acuity to the attended location for both overt and covert attentional shifts and how?

A

Yes!
Neural mechanism = convergence of receptor fields towards the attended location, greater overlap between receptor fields of different cells, ie. receptors move inwards and overlap to provide an enhanced resolution in the field of interest

35
Q

What does the Zoom lens model predict about the attentional breadth of perception?

A

there is a tradeoff between size of attention location and magnitude of perceptual enhancement, eg. smaller sizes can produce higher magnitude of perception
= in spatial and temporal perception
Processing is enhancing under narrow compared to broad attentional breadth

36
Q

What does the Selective spatial enhancement model predict about the attentional breadth of perception?

A
  1. functional loss in spatial acuity in peripheral vision, but acuity is high in fovea, and dramatically declines outside of the fovea
  2. Attention is meant to compensate the loss of spatial acuity
    Thus spatial acuity is selectively enhanced by a narrow attentional breadth, but does not apply to temporal acuity
37
Q

What does the Spatial Temporal tradeoff model predict about the attentional breadth of perception?

A

narrow breadth of attention is instantiated by a greater recruitment of parvocellular neurons with smaller receptors, while broader attentional breadth is instantiated by more magnocellular neurons with larger receptor sizes

38
Q

What would Spatial Temporal tradeoff predict about narrow attentional breadth?

A

in a narrow attentional breadth, SPATIAL ACUITY WILL BE ENHANCED, TEMPORAL ACUITY WILL BE IMPAIRED

39
Q

What do the 3 attention models predict about spatial acuity under narrow attentional breadth?

A

all 3 models predict narrow produces enhanced acuity to broad

40
Q

What do the 3 attention models predict about temporal acuity under narrow attentional breadth?

A
  1. zoom lens predicts temporal acuity will be enhanced in narrow compared to broad
  2. SSEM predicts no change in temporal acuity
  3. STTM = predicts impaired temporal acuity in narrow vs. to broad because of use of p-cells vs. m-cells
41
Q

What were the conclusions about testing the 3 models of attention on acuity?

A
  1. When attentional breadth is narrow, they do better on SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL tasks compared to broad
  2. Really surprising since the SSTM model seemed to be the most explanatory model with its neurophysiological sophisticated model - still wrong!
42
Q

Which of the models predict an interaction between attentional breadth (small vs narrow) and perceptual task type (spatial versus temporal) on performance?

A
  1. Zoom lens model = ONLY MAIN EFFECTS effects, doesn’t distinguish between spatial & temporal

Selective spatial enhancement model = INTERACTION effect, because it claims that you would get a SELECTIVE change in attentional breadth depending on whether it is spatial OR temporal

Spatial Temporal tradeoff model = NO MAIN EFFECTS, ONLY INTERACTION CROSSOVER BECAUSE ITS A TRADEOFF, because it claims different cells are used, good temporal performance for broad, good spatial performance for narrow

43
Q

Which one or more of the three theoretical models aligned with the BOLD activation in attentional breadth?

A
  1. The visual cortex receives both m and p cells, but cannot differentiate m and p cells in visual cortex
  2. Zoom lens might be more consistent as bold response is smaller and more intense with narrow attentional breadth, which zoom lens predicts with the converging of receptors
44
Q

Recap: how do interpret main and interaction results example in a line graph?

A

Main effect for Valence = in neutral vs. negative/positive conditions

NO main effect for Navon level = global and local measures are overlapping, no stat. Significance

NO interaction = parallel lines, significant effect of valence is not changing according to the Navon level

45
Q

Recap: how do interpret main and interaction results example in a bar graph?

A

Main effect of cue validity = because average of valid trials is HIGHER than average of invalid trials

Main effect for mask = yellow mask bars average is higher than blue bars

No interaction = PARALLEL LINES “the effect of size is changing according to the image

46
Q

How does a crossover interaction help rule out alternative explanations?

A

the effect of one variable is changing according to task type - the other condition reserves the condition, indicating the effect of one variable is dependent on levels of another variable

47
Q

What kind of graph would represent no main effects and no interaction in a 2 x 2 factorial design?

A
  1. overlapping = no main effects
  2. parallel = no interaction
48
Q

What kind of graph would represent no main effects but a significant disordinal interaction in a 2 x 2 factorial design?

A

overlapping crossover

49
Q

If there is no main effect of working memory load on response time, does this mean that potentially the working memory load wasn’t effective? Or could there potentially be another source of evidence for its effectiveness?

A
  1. check the interaction effect - crossover produces NO MAIN effects but is still significant in the interaction
50
Q

Can you always tell whether interaction is significant?

A

no because error bars can vary, need to run the stats

Cognitive Neuroscience (6 decks)

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