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MED SURGE WINTER CLINICAL > W4 oxygen > Flashcards

W4 oxygen Flashcards

1
Q

how are infants/toddlers at risk for upper respiratory tract infections?

A
  • frequent exposure to other children
  • exposure to second-hand smoke
  • during teething, some infants develop nasal congestion which encourages bacterial growth=increases the risk of respiratory tract infection
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2
Q

how are school-aged children and adolescents at risk for respiratory infection?

A
  • exposure to second hand smoking and cigarette smoking
  • a person who starts smoking in adolescence and continues to smoking into middle age =increase risk of cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer
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3
Q

how are young and middle-age adults at risk for respiratory infection?

A
  • unhealthy diet
  • lack of exercise
  • stress
  • over-the-counter
  • prescription drugs not used as intended
  • illegall drugs
  • smoking
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4
Q

how are elders at risk for respiratory infection?

A
  • cardiac and respiratory system undergo changes throughout the aging process
  • these changes include calcification of the heart vales, SA node, and costal cartilages
  • arterial system develop atherosclerotic plaques
  • osteoporosis leads to changes in the size and shape of the thorax
  • trachea and large bronchi become enlarged from calcification of airways
  • alveoli enlarge decreases the surface area viable for gas exchange
  • number of functional cilia is reduced =decrease the effectiveness of cough mechanisms
  • ventilation and transfer of respiratory gases decline w/ age b/c lung are unable to expand fully= leading to lower o2 levels
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5
Q

how to reduce the risk of respiratory infections?

A
  • smoking cessation
  • weight reduction
  • low-cholesterol and low-sodium diet
  • management of HTN and moderate exercise
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6
Q

what happens to a pt lung when they are obese?

A
  • obesity decreases lung expansion and the increased body weight increase oxygen demands to meet metabolic needs
  • also at risk of anemia
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7
Q

what happens to a pt lungs when malnourished?

A
  • may experience respiratory muscle wasting, resulting in decrease muscle strength and respiratory excursion
  • cough efficiency is reduced secondary to respiratory muscle weakness, putting the pt at risk for retention of pulmonary secretions
  • at risk for anemia
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8
Q

smoking as a risk

A
  • associated with heart disease, stroke, COPD, and lung cancer
  • inhaled nicotine causes vasoconstriction of peripheral and coronary blood vessels, increasing B/P and decreasing blood flow to peripheral vessels
  • women who smoke and take birth control are at increase risk for cardiovascular problem (thrombophlebitis and pulmonary emboli)
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9
Q

substance abuse as a risk

A
  • pt tend to have poor nutritional intake
  • excessive use can depress the respiratory centre, reducing the rate and depth of respiration and the amount of inhaled oxygen
  • substance abuse by smoking or inhaling can cause direct injury to lung tissue causing permanent lung damage and impaired oxygen
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10
Q

stress as a risk factor

A

a continuous state of stress or severe anxiety increases the body’s metabolic rate and the oxygen demand

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11
Q

what are the nursing assessment for lungs

A

-in-depth hx of pts normal and present cardiopulmonary function
-past impairments in circulatory or respiratory functioning
-measures that pt uses to optimize oxygenation
-hx should include review of drugs food, and other allergies, such as pet dander, mould, and environmental triggers
-any pain, dyspnea, fatigue, peripheral circulation, cardiac risk factors, and presence of past or concurrent cardiac conditions
-cough, SOB, wheezing, pain, environmental exposure
-hx of respiratory tract infections
-hx of smoking
-alleriges
-family hx
-

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12
Q

what is dyspnea

A
  • a clinical sign of hypoxia and manifests as breathlessness/SOB
  • subjective
  • SOB associated w/ excerise or excitement
  • can also be present w/out any relation to activity or expertise
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13
Q

what are the clinical signs w/ dyspnea

A
  • exaggerated respiratory effort
  • use of accessory muscle of respiration
  • nasal flaring
  • increase rate and depth of reparations
  • impairs pts ability to lie flat
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14
Q

what is the vital analogue scale? (VAS)

A
  • the vas is 100-mm vertical line w/ end points of 0-10

- zero= no dyspnea and 10 is=the worst breathlessness the pt has experienced

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15
Q

what is orthopnea?

A

an abnormal condition in which the person must use multiple pillows when lying down or must sit w/ the arms elevated and leaning forward to breath

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16
Q

what is a cough?

A
  • a sudden, audible explosion of air from the lungs
  • person breaths in, glottis is partially closed and the accessory muscles of expiration contract to expel the air forcibly
  • coughing is a protective reflex to clear the trachea, bronchi and lungs of irritants and secretions
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17
Q

what is sputum contain?

A

mucus, cellular debris, and microorganisms, and may contain pus or blood

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18
Q

what is hemoptysis?

A

bloody sputum

  • determine if it is associated w/ coughing and bleeding from the upper respiratory tract, from sinus drainage or from the gastrointestinal tract (hematemesis)
  • tests: examination of sputum specimens, chest x-ray, and bronchoscopy should be performed
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19
Q

what is wheezing?

A

characterized by a high-pitched musical sound caused by high-velocity movement of air through a narrowed airways

  • may be associated w/ asthma, acute bronchitis, or pneumonia
  • can occur during inspiration, expiration or both
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20
Q

what should the nurse inspect for?

A
  • observe any nails for clubbing
  • any chest wall movement for retraction, sinking in of soft tissues of the chest between the intercostal spaces
  • paradoxical breathing (chest wall contracts during inspiration and expands during exhalation)
  • asynchronous breathing
  • note the anteroposterior diameter of the chest wall
  • cough
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21
Q

what should the nurse palpate for?

A

the presence and quality of peripheral pulses, skin temperature, colour, cap refill
-feet/legs should be palpated for presence/absence of peripheral edema (grade from 1+-4+)

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22
Q

percussion and respiratory assessment

A
  • used to detect the presence of abnormal fluid or air in the lungs
  • also aids in determining diaphragmatic excursion
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23
Q

what is auscultation used for in respiratory assessment?

A
  • involves listening for movement of air throughout all lung fields-anterior, posterior, and lateral
  • identify normal and abnormal heart and lung sounds
  • includes s1, s2, s3, and s4 sounds
  • is there a bruit over the carotid arteries?
  • any fluid?
  • adventitious breath sounds occur with collapse of a lung segment, fluid in a lung segment, or narrowing or obstruction of an airway.
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24
Q

what are some airway maintenance strategies?

A
  • adequate hydration to prevent thick tenacious secretions
  • proper coughing to remove secretions and keep airway open
  • suctioning
  • CPT (chest physiotherapy)
  • nebulizer therapy
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25
Q

what are 4 managements for dyspnea?

A
  • pharmacological measures (bronchodilators steroids, mucolytics, low-dose anti-anxiety meds)
  • oxygen therapy (can reduce dyspnea associated w/ exercise
  • physical techniques (coughing, pursed lips)
  • psychosocial techniques
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26
Q

humidification and oxygen therapy

A

humidification is the process of adding water to gas
-air or oxygen w/ a high relative humidity keeps the airway moist and help loosen and mobilize pulmonary secretions
-humidification is necessary for pts receiving oxygen therapy at >4L/minute
-bubbling oxygen through water can add humidity to the oxygen delivered to the upper airways, as w/ a nasal cannula or face mask
-

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27
Q

what is a nebulizer?

A

nebulization is the process of adding moisture or medication to inspired air by mixing particles of varying sizes w/ the air

  • a nebulizer uses the aerosol principle to suspend a maximum number of water drops or particles of the desired size in inspired air.
  • the moisture added to the respiratory system through nebulization improves clearance of pulmonary secretions
  • humidification through nebulization enhances mucociliary clearance, the body’s natural mechanism for removing mucus and cellular debris from the respiratory tract
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28
Q

what is chest physiotherapy (CPT)

A
  • a group of therapies used in combination to mobilize pulmonary secretions
  • include postural drainage, chest percussion, vibration!!
  • CPT should be followed by productive cough, and suctioning of pt who has a decreased ability to cough
  • CPT is recommended for pts who produce greater than 30 mL of sputum per/day or has atelectasis
  • safe for infants/young children
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29
Q

how is chest percussion performed?

A
  • involves striking the chest wall over the area being drained
  • percussion on the surface sends waves of varying amplitude and frequency through the chest, changing the consistency and location of the sputum
  • it is performed by striking the chest wall alternately w/ cupped hands
  • performed over a single layer of clothing (smooth) -prevent slapping pts skin
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30
Q

when is chest percussion contraindicated?

A

in pts w/ bleeding disorders, osteoporosis or fractured ribs

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31
Q

how is vibration done?

A

it is a fine, shaking pressure applied to the chest wall only during exhalation

  • increases the velocity and turbulence of exhaled air
  • facilitates secretion removal
  • increases the exhalation of trapped air and may shake mucus loose and induce a cough
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32
Q

how is postural drainage done?

A

-use of positioning techniques that draw secretions from specific segment of the lungs and bronchi into the trachea

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33
Q

suctioning technique

A

-important when pt cannot clear their respiratory tract secretions w/ coughing
-includes oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal
-sterile technique is used b/c the trachea is considered sterile
but the mouth is considered clean
-so suction the oral secretion after suctioning of the oropharynx and trachea

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34
Q

risk of too-frequent suctioning?

A

-can put the pt at risk for development of hypoxemia, hypotension, arrhythmias, and possible trauma to the mucosa of the lungs

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35
Q

when do we use oropharygenal and nasopharyngeal suctioning?

A
  • oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal suctioning is used when the pt is able to cough but unable to clear secretions by expectorating or swallowing
  • the more we reduce the pulmonary secretions pt becomes less fatigued and pt may be able to expectorate or swallow the mucus, making it no longer required to suction
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36
Q

when do we use orothacheal and nasotracheal suctioning (I made 2 of the same cards basically)

A

when the pt w/ pulmonary secretions is unable to manage secretions by coughing and does not have an artificial airway

  • -catheter is passed through the mouth or nose into the trachea.
  • the nose is the preferred route b/c stimulation of the gag reflex is minimal
  • entire procedure should be done quickly, no longer than 10 seconds
  • pt should be allowed to rest during passes of the catheter unless in respiratory distress
  • if they are using supplemental oxygen the oxygen should be place during rest periods
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37
Q

how to perform tracheal suctioning?

A
  • accomplished through artificial airway (endotracheal tube or tracheostomy tube)
  • to avoid trauma to the mucosa of the lungs, never apply suction pressure less than 150 mm Hg in adults
  • u can rotate the Cather to enhance removal of secretions
  • don’t use normal saline installation to try and improve secretions- it is harmful and not recommended
  • open vs closed suctioning
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38
Q

what is open suctioning?

A

involves a sterile catheter that is opened at the time of suctioning
-must wear sterile gloves

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39
Q

what is closed suctioning?

A

involves a multiple-use suction catheter encased in a plastic sheath

  • used on pt who require mechanical ventilation to support their respiratory efforts b/c it permits continuous delivery of oxygen while suction is being performed =reducing the risk of oxygen desaturation
  • wear disposable gloves can be sterile or non sterile
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40
Q

what is an artificial airway

A
  • indicated for pt w/ a decrease LOC or they have an airway obstruction and to aid in the removal of tracheobronchial secretions
  • types: oral airway, endotracheal and tracheal airway
41
Q

what is the oral airway?

A
  • simplest type of artificial airway
  • prevents obstruction of the trachea by displacement of the tongue into the oropharynx
  • always the tongue to remain in it’s normal position
  • must use the correct size to avoid complications
  • used on unconscious pts
42
Q

what to measure to insert the oral airway?

A

by measuring the distance from the corner of the mouth to the angel of the jaw just below the ear

  • if it is too small, the tongue is not held in the anterior portion of the mouth
  • if it is too large, it may force the tongue towards the epiglottis and obstruct the airway
43
Q

complications of having an artificial airway?

A
  • place the pt at high risk for infection and airway injury
  • must be maintained in the correct position to prevent airway damage
  • use sterile technique to avoid heath care associated infections
44
Q

what is an endotracheal (ET) tube?

A

are used in short-term artificial airways to administer mechanical ventilation

  • it relieves upper airway obstruction
  • protect against aspiration
  • clear secretions
  • only for specialized health care providers can insert this
  • ET are usually removed w/in 14 days (can be used for longer period of time if the pt is showing progress towards weaning off from the vent)
  • if pt needs long-term assistance, tracheostomy is used
45
Q

what is a tracheostomy tube?

A

a surgical incision made into the trachea, and a short artificial airway (a tracheotomy tube) is inserted
-for long term use

46
Q

what are the maintenance and promotion of lung expansion?

A
  • include noninvasive and invasive techniques
  • noninvasive include: ambulation, positioning, and incentive spirometry
  • invasive include- management of chest tube
47
Q

maintenance and promotion of lung expansion- ambulation

A
  • immobility=at risk for atelectasis and ventilator-associated pneumonia
  • early ambulation= increased general strength and lung expansion
  • usually done by RT or PT
48
Q

maintenance and promotion of lung expansion-positioning

A

-frequent changes of position are effective in reducing the risk of stasis of pulmonary secretions and decreased chest wall expansion

49
Q

what is the most effective position for pts w/ cardiopulmonary disease?

A
  • 45-degree semi-Flower’s position, using gravity to assist in lung expansion and reduce pressure from the abdomen on the diaphragm
  • ensure pt does not slide down
50
Q

what is the best position for pt w/ unilateral lung disease? (pneumothorax, atelectasis, pneumonia, thoracotomy, or multiple trauma affecting one lung

A
  • should be positioned with the unaffected lung down (good lung down)
  • promotes better perfusion of the healthy lung, improving oxygenation
  • BUT- IF PT HAS PULMONARY ABSCESS OR HEMORRHAGE PT SHOULD BE PLACED W/ THE AFFECTED LUNG DOWN TO PREVENT DRAINAGE TOWARD THE UNAFFECTED (HEALTHY) LUNG
51
Q

maintenance and promotion of lung expansion-incentive spirometry

A
  • a method to encourage voluntary deep breathing by providing visual feedback to pt about inspiratory volume
  • promotes deep breathing to prevent/treat atelectasis in post-op pts
  • purpose is to promote lung expansion =preventing post-op pulmonary complication following abdominal surgery
  • and encourages pt to breathe to their normal inspiratory capacities
52
Q

what is an acceptable post-op inspiratory capacity reading?

A

one-half to three-fourths is acceptable b/c of post-op pain

  • can give pain meds before doing this to help pt
  • recommended to do 5-10 breaths per session every hour as the pt is awake
53
Q

what is a chest tube?

A

a catheter that is inserted through the thorax to remove fluid or air

54
Q

what is the purpose of a chest tube?

A
  • it is inserted to remove air and fluids from the pleural space, prevent air or fluid from re-entering the pleural space, and re-establish normal intrapleural and intraalumonic pressures
  • commonly used after chest surgery and chest trauma and for pneumothorax or hemothorax to promote lung re-expansion
55
Q

what is a mobile system chest tube?

A
  • relies on gravity, not suction for drainage
  • it reduces length of time needed for the chest tube, improves ambulation, and decreases the length of time spent in the hospital
  • they are lighter and smaller, so the pt can move more easily= reducing risk of DVT and pulmonary embolism
56
Q

what is pneumothorax?

A
  • a collection of air in the pleural space
  • theres a loss of negative intrapleural pressure causing the lung to collapse
  • can be caused by: chest trauma (stabbing, car accident), rupture of an emphysematous bleb on the surface of lung, or from an invasive procedure such as an insertion of subclavian IV line
  • dyspnea is common and worsens as the size of pneumothorax increases
57
Q

what is a hemothorax?

A

accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleurae usually as a result of trauma
-produces counterpressure and prevents lungs from full expansion
-can also be caused by the rupture of small blood vessels fro inflammatory processes such as pneumonia or TB
s/s pain, dyspnea, and shock if blood loss is severe

58
Q

what is a single drainage system?

A

a single-chamber system allows air from a pneumothorax to bubble out of the water seal and escape through the air outlet. preventing air from re-entering the intrapleural space

59
Q

what is a two or three chamber system?

A

a system that drains both a hemothorax and a pneumothorax
the two-chamber system allows fluid to flow into a collection chamber and air to flow into the water seal chamber
a three-chamber system permits the drainage of fluid and air through controlled suction
both have two compartments-one for fluid or blood and the second for water seal or a one-way valve
the three-chamber system has a third compartment for suction control if needed

60
Q

what are the two types of commercial drainage devices?

A

water-seal and waterless systems

  • waterless system does not require fluid for setup and the water seal is replaced by a one-way valve
  • suction chamber should be set between -10cm h20 and -40cm h20
61
Q

what happens if pts chest drainage tubing disconnects from the drainage unit?

A

the pt should be instructed to exhale as much as possible and cough

  • this manoeuvre rids the pleural space of as much air as possible
  • nurse should cleanse the tips of the tubing and reconnect them quickly
  • if the drainage unit is broken, the end of he chest tube can be quickly submerged in a container of sterile water to re-establish the seal
62
Q

why might we not want to clamp a chest tube?

A

may result in a tension pneumothorax

-air pressure builds in the pleural space, collapsing the lungs and creating a life threatening event

63
Q

what is the purpose of oxygen therapy?

A

to relieve or prevent tissue hypoxia

  • it can cause atelectasis or oxygen toxicity
  • it is a highly combustible gas
64
Q

safety precautions with oxygen

A
  • no smoking permitted in areas where oxygen is in use
  • ensure all electrical equipment in the room is functioning correctly and is properly grounded. an electrical spark in the presence of oxygen can result in a serious fire
  • locate the closet fire extinguisher
  • know the fire procedures and the evacuation route
  • always ensure there is enough oxygen in tanks before transporting pt
65
Q

what is a low-flow device?

A

ex. nasal cannula, simple face mask, and reservoir masks provide oxygen in concentration that vary with the pt’s respiratory pattern

66
Q

what is a high-flow device?

A

delivers oxygen rates above the normal inspiratory flow rate and thus provide a fixed FiO2 (fraction of inspired oxygen) regardless of the pts inspiratory flow and breathing pattern
-ex., venturi mask

67
Q

what is a nasal cannula?

A

a low-flow device used for oxygen delivery

  • oxygen is delivered via the cannulas w/ a flow rate of up to 6L/minute
  • anything great than 4L/minute needs humidification
  • be alert for skin breakdown over eats/nares
68
Q

what is the purpose of an oxygen mask?

A

-administer oxygen, humidity, or heated humidity

69
Q

what is the purpose of a simple face mask?

A
  • short-term oxygen therapy
  • fights loosely and delivers oxygen concentration from 40-60%
  • it is CONTRAINDICATED FOR PTS W/ CARBON DIOXIDE RETENTION BC RETENTION CAN BE WORSEN (ex. COPD)
70
Q

partial rebreather mask oxygen concentration

A

-has an oxygen concentration of 40-70% w/ a minimum flow rate of 10/L min

71
Q

non-rebreather oxygen concentration

A

-provides a high concentration of oxygen at 60-80% w/ a minimum flow rate of 10/Lmin

72
Q

how does the partial rebreathing mask or non-rebreathing mask work?

A

oxygen flows into the reservoir bag and mask during inhalation; one-way values on the non-rebreather mask prevent expired air from flowing back into the bag

  • bag should always be inflated
  • if it is deflated the pt may be breathing large amounts of exhaled carbon dioxide
73
Q

what is the indication for home oxygen therapy?

A

includes PaO2 of 55m Hg or less or an SaO2 of 88% or less on room air at rest, on exertion or with exercise

74
Q

what is a cardiac arrest?

A

a sudden cessation of cardiac output and circulation

  • oxygen is not delivered to the tissue, and carbon dioxide is not transported from tissues, tissue metabolism becomes anaerobic, and metabolic and respiratory acidosis occur.
  • permanent damage to the heart, brain and other tissues can occur w/in 4-6 minutes
  • lack of pulse and respirations
75
Q

what is cardiopulmonary rehabilitation?

A

-involves activity helping the pt to achieve and maintain an optimal level of health through controlled physical exercise, nutrition counselling, relaxation and stress management techniques, prescribed medications and oxygen

76
Q

why is hydration important?

A

maintains adequate systemic hydration

  • keeps mucociliary clearance normal
  • pulmonary secretions are thin, white, watery, and easily removable
  • 1500 to 2000 ml/day of h20
77
Q

what are the three types of oxygen?

A

compressed oxygen, liquid oxygen, and oxygen concentrators

78
Q

what is compressed gas cylinders?

A
  • stationary and portable intermittent therapy
  • used for exercise or sleep only
  • no las of gas during storage
  • portable
  • delivers up to 15L/min
  • 100%
  • disadvantage: bulky, frequent refilling w/ continuous use
79
Q

what is compressed gas?

A

small cylinder w/ compressed gas for easy portability

  • allows from 1-5 hours of portable oxygen
  • but only last a few hours
  • E-cylinders not appropriate as sole source of oxygen
80
Q

what is liquid oxygen systems?

A
  • used w/ active patients
  • 100% oxygen
  • conveniently portable
  • can be refilled eat home
  • delivery up to 6L/min
  • but need weekly delivery necessary for refill
  • evaporates if not used
  • potential risk for frostbite at connections and if liquid is spilled
81
Q

what is oxygen concentrators

A
  • stationary systems for patients requiring low-flow continuous oxygen and limited mobility
  • provides large source of oxygen
  • inexpensive
  • delivers 1-5L/min, delivery up to 10L/min w/ certain models
  • but oxygen concentration decreases as litre flow increases, power supply needed, electric bill increase, second system needed for portability
82
Q

benefit of coughing technique

A
  • enable to pt to remove secretions from the upper & lower airways
  • cough mechanism- deep inhalation, closure of the glottis, active contraction of the expiratory muscles, and glottis opening
  • deep inhalation increases the lung volume and airway diameter allowing air to pass through partially obstructing mucous plugs or other foreign matter
  • when the glottis opens a large flow of air is expelled at a high speed providing momentum for mucus to move to the upper airway=expectorated or swallowed
83
Q

how often should pts cough?

A

at least every 2 hrs while awake
-pts w/ large amount of sputum should be encouraged to cough every hour while awake and every 2-3 hours while asleep until acute phase of mucus production has ended

84
Q

what is a cascade cough?

A
  • pt takes a slow, deep breath and holds it for 2 seconds while contracting expiratory muscles
  • the pt opens the mouth and performs a series of coughs throughout exhalation, coughing at progressively lowered lung volumes
  • promotes airway clearance and a patent airway in pts w/ large volumes of sputum
85
Q

what is the huff cough?

A
  • stimulates a natural cough reflex and is generally effective only for clearing central airways
  • while exhaling the pt opens the glottis by saying the “huff”
  • w/ practice, pt inhales more air and may be able to progress the cascade cough
86
Q

what is the quad cough?

A
  • technique is used for pts w/out abdominal muscle control, such as those w/ spinal cord injuries
  • while the pt breaths out w/ a maximal expiratory effort, the pt or nurse pushes inwards and upwards on the abdominal muscle towards the diaphragm causing the cause
87
Q

respiratory muscle training

A
  • improves muscle strength and endurance, resulting in improved activity tolerance
  • can prevent respiratory failure in pts w/ COPD
  • can use the incentive spirometer resistive breathing device (ISRBD)
  • must be used on a schedule routine (twice a day for 15 mins for example)
88
Q

what are the four breathing exercises?

A
  • deep breathing (routine for post-op pts)
  • cough exercises (routine for post-op pts)
  • pursed-lip breathing
  • diaphragmatic breathing
89
Q

what is pursed lip breathing?

A
  • involves deep inspiration and prolonged expiration through pursed lips to prevent alveolar collapse
  • pt sits up and take deep breath while sitting up and exhales slowly through pursed lips as if they are blowing through a straw
  • monitor using pulse oximetry
90
Q

what is diaphragmatic breathing?

A

more difficult and require the pt to relax intercostal and accessory respiratory muscles while taking deep inspirations

  • can measures results objectively with pulmonary function tests, VS, ECG tracings, and physical assessments
  • teach pt to place one hand flat below the breastbone and above the waist, and the other hand 2-3 cm below the first hand
  • ask pt to inhale w/ the lower hand moves outwards during inspiration
  • taught in supine position, then practised while sits/stands
  • often used w/ pursed-lip breathing
  • useful for pts w/ pulmonary disease, for post-op pts & for women in labour to promote relaxation and provide pain control
  • it works by improving efficiency of breathing by decreasing air trapping and reducing the work of breathing
91
Q

what is the primary function of the heart?

A

to deliver deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation and to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the tissues

92
Q

what is the primary function of the lungs?

A

transfer oxygen from the atmosphere into the alveoli and to transfer carbon dioxide out of the body as a waste product

93
Q

how is respiration controlled?

A

by the central nervous system and by chemicals w/in the blood

94
Q

if pt has decrease hemoglobin levels it means _

A

alters the pts ability to transport oxygen

95
Q

what is hyperventilation

A

-a respiratory rate greater than that is required to maintain normal levels of carbon dioxide

96
Q

hypoventilation

A

-causes carbon dioxide retention

97
Q

where can u attach a pulse oximeter?

A

-pts finger, toe, nose, earlobe or forehead

98
Q

what is a CPAP? continuous positive airway pressure mask

A

Purpose: To deliver continuous air to assist keeping alveoli open during sleep
-Nasal CPAP delivered through a full or partial face mask or nasal
pillows
-Most commonly used for obstructive sleep apnea

MED SURGE WINTER CLINICAL (8 decks)

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