W3C / WAI / WCAG basics / etc

Question 1

A wide range of recommendations for making Web content more accessible. Includes guidelines and success criteria. Give full name and most recent version released.

Answer 1

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1

Question 2

The four WCAG principles

Answer 2

perceivable, operable, understandable, and robust.

Question 3

Provide the basic goals that authors should work toward in order to make content more accessible to users with different disabilities. They are not testable, but provide the framework and overall objectives to help authors understand the success criteria and better implement the techniques.

Answer 3

WCAG Guidelines

Question 4

For each guideline, testable ____ are provided to allow WCAG 2.0 to be used where requirements and conformance testing are necessary such as in design specification, purchasing, regulation, and contractual agreements. In order to meet the needs of different groups and different situations, three levels of conformance are defined: A (lowest), AA, and AAA (highest).

Answer 4

Success Criteria

Question 5

These are informative (e.g. not required) ways to meet success criteria, and fall into two categories. (third sometimes given)

Answer 5

Sufficient and Advisory Techniques (Failures)

Question 6

These techniques go beyond what is required by the individual success criteria and allow authors to better address the guidelines

Answer 6

Advisory Techniques

Question 7

If the web content meets all of the ____, it successfully meets the success criterion.

Answer 7

Sufficient Techniques

Question 8

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) is developed through this process.

Answer 8

W3C Process

Question 9

The information in a web page or web application, including:

• natural information such as text, images, and sounds
• code or markup that defines structure, presentation, etc

Answer 9

Web Content

Question 10

The parent accessibility group that develops:

• guidelines which are widely regarded as the international standard for web accessibility
• support materials to help understand and implement web accessibility
• resources, through international collaboration

Answer 10

The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI or W3C WAI)

Question 11

The group that develops specifications to support making implementations of web technologies accessible for people with disabilities, and develops and maintain implementation support materials.

Publications they maintain include:

• WCAG 2.1,
• Understanding WCAG 2.0,
• WCAG 2.0 Techniques
• Errata for WCAG 2.0, and
• Accessibility Guidelines 3.0 (“Silver”).

Answer 11

Accessibility Guidelines Working Group (AG WG) (formerly the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines Working Group)

Question 12

WAI is part of this an internationally-recognized web standards body, who develops web standards such as those for HTML and CSS, etc. Give full name, not acronym.

Answer 12

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

Question 13

Some examples of accessibility specifications that have achieved W3C Recommendation status

Answer 13

WCAG, ATAG, WAI-ARIA, UAAG

Question 14

Content that has one of these does not meet WCAG success criteria, unless an alternate version is provided.

Documented versions of these are useful for:

• Authors to know what to avoid,
• Evaluators to use for checking if content does not meet WCAG success criteria.

Answer 14

Failures (or Failure Techniques)

Question 15

Number of Success Criteria in WCAG 2.0
Number of SC added by WCAG 2.1
Total as of 2.1

Answer 15

61 (2.0)
17 (added by 2.1)
78

Question 16

Number of Guidelines WCAG 2.0, and 2.1

Answer 16

12 (2.0) + 1 added for 2.1 = 13

Question 17

Conformance Level: These issues must be resolved or some group will not be able to access the content. The issues at this level represent significant barriers that may not be overcome with workarounds.

An example of this level barrier is missing alternative text to describe an image. There is little a person who is blind can do on their own to understand the content of an image without a text description.

Answer 17

Level A

Question 18

Conformance Level: These issues should be resolved or some group will find it difficult to access or use the content. These issues can often be circumvented with some effort but will make using or understanding web content more effortful.

An example of this level barrier is not being able to follow the focus of the cursor when navigating through content with a keyboard. For a person with low vision navigating with a keyboard, or a fully able keyboard user for that matter, navigating through content can be very difficult if he or she cannot see where the cursor is located and is unable to tell when to press the Enter key to activate a link or button.

Answer 18

Level AA

Question 19

Conformance Level: These issues could be resolved to improve usability for all groups. Web content may be technically accessible, but usability can be improved by resolving these issues.

An example of this level barrier would be presenting acronyms or abbreviations without providing their full wording. For a person who is blind, an acronym pronounced by a screen reader may sound like gibberish. For a fully able user who is not familiar with a short form, an acronym or abbreviation may have no useful meaning, at least not without having to search out the meaning elsewhere.

Answer 19

Level AAA

Question 20

the generally accepted level of conformance most websites should aim for.

Answer 20

Level AA

Question 21

These kind of documents define accessibility practices required for conformance (to a specification).

Answer 21

Normative

Question 22

These kind of documents provide guidance and techniques for interpreting and conforming with requirements, but are not required for conformance. These documents may change more frequently, to adapt to changing technologies and current best practices.

Answer 22

Non-normative or Informative

Question 23

Examples of normative documents

Answer 23

WCAG 2.0/2.1
ATAG 2.0
WAI-ARIA 1.1

Question 24

Examples of non-normative / informative documentation

Answer 24

• How to Meet WCAG 2.0
• Understanding WCAG / ATAG
• Techniques for WCAG 2.0

Question 25

This specification was created to increase the accessibility of content – dynamic content in particular – for assistive technology users, such as screen reader users. (Full Name and latest version)

Answer 25

WAI-ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) 1.1

Question 26

This specification requires authoring tools (HTML/web editors, content management systems, social media sites, blog commenting features, discussion forums, user rating features, etc.) to 1) have an accessible user interface and 2) support the production of accessible content. Give full name and most recent version.

Answer 26

Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG) 2.0

Question 27

When was WCAG 2.0 first released?

Answer 27

2008 (Dec 11)

Question 28

When was WCAG 2.1 Published?

Answer 28

2018 (June 5th)

Question 29

The 4 Success Criteria that are required for Non-Interference in Conformance Testing. In other words, they apply to full pages including technologies that are not accessibility supported or relied upon to meet the other success criteria because they deal with things that could interfere with overall use of the page.

Answer 29

1. 4.2 - Audio Control
2. 1.2 - No Keyboard Trap
3. 2.2 - Pause, Stop, Hide.
4. 3.1 - Three Flashes or Below Threshold

Question 30

What kinds of issues were addressed with the addition of the success criteria for WCAG 2.1?

Answer 30

• mobile accessibility
• people with low vision
• people with cognitive and learning disabilities

Question 31

Which Guideline is entirely new as of WCAG 2.1?

Answer 31

2.5 Input Modalities