W3: Beck et al. (schizphrenia)

Question 1

cognitive triad

Answer 1

negative views about the self, others, and future

Question 2

which type of intervention most effective in helping +ve and -ve symptoms

Answer 2

interventions that target the meaning behind both tthe positive and negative symptoms

Question 3

according to theory, how does cognitive schema contribute to symptoms?

Answer 3

the content of schemas originate in the cognitive triad, which then transpires to specific situations

Question 4

when is a schema dysfunctional?

Answer 4

when they interfere with the adjustment or accommodation to life situations

Question 5

when is a schema delusional?

Answer 5

when the content is extreme or fantastic, and not subject to correction

Question 6

2 risk factors for developing dysfunctional beliefs

Answer 6

1. predisposition to negative cognitive bias
   - over-interpret -ve events or have negative interpretation of positive events
   - stable
2. negative environment

Question 7

role of dysfunctional attitudes in the development of schizophrenia (+)

Answer 7

dysfunctional attitudes may lead to negative symptoms

• withdrawal
• avoidance
• isolation

Question 8

role of dysfunctional beliefs in the development of schizophrenia (-)

Answer 8

• develops into +ve symptoms
  (delusions and hallucinations)
• exaggeration or bizarre expression of the dysfunctional belief

Question 9

pathway for the +ve symptoms

Answer 9

overstimulation of HPA axis-> excessive cortisol output –> excessive cortisol flow into brain –> delusions + hallucinations

Question 10

2 factors of negative symptoms

Answer 10

1. amotivation factor

2. expressive factor

Question 11

factor 1:

Amotivation factor

Answer 11

• according to the cognitive model, negative beliefs are transformed into -ve symptoms
• these expectations then lowers motivation to attempt/ complete a task
• but can rise above these beliefs if the activity can override expectations

Question 12

factor 2:

Espressive factor

Answer 12

• lack of expression, speech, gestures, etc

- inhibition of behavioral responses

Question 13

relationship b/n beliefs of self and negative symptoms

Answer 13

negatively associated with negative symptoms

• -ve self beliefs= more negative symptoms
• more positive self beliefs= less negative symptoms

Question 14

defeatist beliefs

Answer 14

-ve beliefs about the future

• positively correlated
  more defeatist beliefs= more negative symptoms
• those with more diminished expression showed more severe dysfunctional attitudes and poorer functioning

Question 15

4 beliefs that affects negative symptoms

Answer 15

-beliefs about the self

• defeatist beliefs
  (beliefs about the future)
• anticipatory beliefs about pleasure
  (thinking that you won’t enjoy something)

-asocial beliefs
(beliefs about future interactions)

Question 16

anticipatory beliefs about the future

Answer 16

neg correlation with -ve symptoms

• reduced anticipatory pleasure increases anhedonia and amotivation

Question 17

asocial beliefs

Answer 17

negative beliefs about future interactions with others

- negatively correlated with negative symptoms

Question 18

2 positive symptoms

Answer 18

delusions and voices

Question 19

which system are delusions/ hallucinations formed?

Answer 19

transformational/ imaginal system

Question 20

transformational/ imaginal system

Answer 20

where delusions are formed

- system isolated from other cognitive functions

Question 21

delusions

Answer 21

• product of exaggerated fears (paraniod delusions) or extreme fantastic compensation (grandiose symptoms)
• types of delusions can be tracked back to the features of the cognitive triad
  eg. fear of being killed= believe that others are dangerous
• treatable by therapy

Question 22

voices

Answer 22

originate from one’s own automatic thoughts

• thoughts are then experienced as vocalised by someone (known or unknown)
  eg. could be god/ spirits, etc
• when voices act as commands, its usually a powerful figure (like God)
• also in the transformational/ imaginal system (making the voices stable/ irrefutable)

Question 23

predictors of persecutory delusions

Answer 23

• negative view of others
• viewing the self to be inferior
• viewing others as omnipotent and malevolent

Question 24

evidence for voices in beliefs about others

Answer 24

• if they have low self-esteem or believe that the are inferior to others, they also report feeling inferior to the voice, and behave accordingly

Question 25

mode

Answer 25

adaptive or patient mode

• adaptive mode is active when they are engaged in something
• patient mode predominately active in schizophrenics
• can shift

Question 26

when is patient mode no longer apparent?

Answer 26

when they are engaged in something meaningful

Question 27

whats the use of understanding the meanings behind the delusions

Answer 27

to help with treatment

- can be used to understand the patient’s reactions to situations

Question 28

aim of recovery-oriented cognitive therapy

Answer 28

shift people from patient mode to adaptive mode./