w2 Flashcards
Belief system based on supernatural rather than natural laws. Causes of disease were expected to be supernatural (caused by spirits, ghosts, or gods). Moreover, home remedies and rituals were performed to drive away the evil spirits during this period.
Ancient Times (???-400 AD)
boring hole through skull related to attempt to relieve headaches or epilepsy, remove evil spirits, or relieve the increased pressure caused by head injury.
Trephining
Christianity became increasing center of power during this period. People also believed that diseases were punishment for sins, possession by devil, or result of witchcraft. Monks also preserved written medical texts and monasteries served as centers of learning to maintain knowledge.
Moreover, Christians emphasized saving the soul, not the body. Treatment methods were prayer, penitence, and assistance of saints. (Anointing of the Sick). Any cure was considered a miracle. At the Council of Tours in 1163, the church proclaims that they “do not shed blood”. Since most physicians were clergymen, they were no longer able to perform surgery.
Medieval Times (400- 1350 AD)
time of “Revival of learning and science”. First attempts to connect autopsy results with clinical observations made during life started during this period. Accurate anatomical drawings were now available for study which led to a tremendous growth in inquiry of how body was structured and how it worked.
Renaissance (1350 – 1650)
During this period, there was an increasing interest in experimentation and observation. Studies in anatomy continued, but the study of physiology was also now investigated. William Harvey, an Englishman, stated that blood circulates the body within a continuous network of vessels. Only the mechanical aspects of the system were addressed.There was also an increasing interest in experimentation and observation. Studies in anatomy continued, but the study of physiology was also now investigated.There was also an increasing interest in experimentation and observation. Studies in anatomy continued, but the study of physiology was also now investigated.
17th Century
During this period, researchers and theorists still struggled with an explanation of how the body functioned.
Three theories were first proposed:
The body functioned like a hydraulic pump that was run by an undefined fluid flowing through the nervous system.
Every disease was the result of overstimulation or inability to respond to stimulation.
Treatment was then either a depressant or a stimulant.
Depressant- reducing functional or nervous activity
Stimulant- increase alertness and energy
Direct clinical observation was used to define and categorize diseases. 2400 diseases were described but some are just the same because of varied symptoms.
18th Century
hospitals were built that could hold many patients. Advances in physiology continued. Emphasis moved from individual organs to the identification of the more specific tissues. There was also an increase in medical knowledge. Physicians and surgeons were united into one profession.
Pharmacology was established as a new science. Dentists introduced anesthesia and this practice expanded to major surgical procedures. The first school of nursing was created in 1836 by the German clergyman Theodor Fliedner. (deaconess training center).
Louis Pasteur, a chemist, proved that specific microorganisms called bacteria are the cause of specific diseases in both humans and animals. The results of his work created the development of the germ theory. Pasteurization is the process of heat processing a liquid or a food to kill pathogenic bacteria to make the food safe to eat.
19th Century
states that many diseases are caused by microorganisms. In 1864, Lord Joseph Lister, applied the germ theory to his surgical practice by reasoning that microorganisms could also fall into open surgical wounds. He is the Father of Antiseptic Surgery.
Germ Theory
In 1867, _______________ used a
stomach pump to treat stomach
diseases. It increased knowledge
in dietetics and use of tube feedings.
Adolf Kusmaul
In 1921, Karl Landstainer of Vienna discovered blood groups. It made blood transfusion of blood products safe for the first time in history. Chemotherapy was used to fight cancer. Antibiotics were developed to fight various infections caused by bacteria. Treatment of allergies.Geriatrics became a specialty. Chronic illnesses are very common during this period.
20th Century
father of medicine
Hippocrates
the code of ethics for practicing physicians
Hippocratic Oath
4 “humors” or body fluids in man:
1.The Blood
2. The Phlegm
3. Yellow Bile
4. Black Bile
the study of urine has been passed down from ancient times
Urinalysis
“oldest of laboratory procedures today”
Urinalysis
traced the beginning of medical technologist, 1500 BC, when intestinal parasites such as Taenia and Ascaris were first identified.
Vivian Herrick
1632, invented and improved the compound microscope.
- first to describe red blood cells, to see protozoa, and to classify bacteria according to shape.
Anton Van Leuwenhoek
greatest of the early microscopist
- “founder of pathology” – embryology and anatomy
Malphigi (1628-1694)
performed the first quantitative test for urine sugar.
Herman Fehling (1848)
opened the first clinical laboratory in 1896 by Dr. William Osler
John Hopkins Hospital
one of the first schools of training workers.
- first to offer a degree level program, “Courses in Medical Technology for Clinical and
Laboratory Technicians”, believed in 1923
University of Minnesota
jewel of ancient Mesopotamia, often called the cradle of civilization, provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of the apothecary.
Babylon
(about 2600 B.C.) practitioners of healing of this era
Priest
emperor who sought out and investigated the medicinal value of several value herbs.
- wrote the first Pen T-Sao, or native herbal, recording 365 drugs
Days of the Papyrus Ebers
Shen Nung
