W1a: Lecture 2 - Classification, causes, and co-occurrence

Question 1

What are the three types of phonological disorders in children?

Answer 1

1. Phonological Delay
2. Consistent Phonological Disorder
3. Inconsistent Phonological Disorder

Question 2

What are the three types of motor speech disorders in children?

Answer 2

1. Articulation Disorder
2. Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)
3. Childhood Dysarthria

Question 3

How does the RCSLT terminology differ from traditional textbook definitions regarding SSD?

Answer 3

RCSLT terms include Phonological Impairment (Phonological Delay/Consistent Phonological Disorder) and Articulation Impairment (Articulation Disorder), whereas textbook definitions may use different terminology.

Question 4

What is a phonological delay?

Answer 4

A presence of a small number of speech error patterns that are typical of younger children, such as stopping of fricatives or weak syllable deletion.

Question 5

What characterises a consistent phonological disorder?

Answer 5

Consistent use of unusual or non-developmental error patterns, with some developmental error patterns (e.g., backing, initial consonant deletion) that may be delayed or age-appropriate.

Question 6

What is the definition of an inconsistent phonological disorder?

Answer 6

Inconsistent productions of the same lexical item with no obvious oro-motor difficulties, showing a criterion of ≥40% inconsistency.

Question 6

What defines an articulation disorder?

Answer 6

Substitutions or distortions of the same sounds in all phonetic contexts during imitation, elicitation, and spontaneous speech tasks (e.g., lisp), with the child not being stimulable for specific sounds.

Question 7

What are the characteristics of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS)?

Answer 7

Inconsistency of consonants or vowels across words, lengthened and disrupted coarticulatory transitions, and inappropriate prosody.

Question 8

Why is childhood dysarthria excluded from the RCSLT terminology?

Answer 8

Because the cause of dysarthria is usually known, unlike SSD of unknown origin, but it is included in the module separately.

Question 9

What is the most common type of SSD?

Answer 9

Phonological delay/disorder.

Question 10

A child has lateralization of /s, z/, which is referred to as a lisp. what SSD does this illistrate

Answer 10

Articulation disorder

Question 11

What is childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) associated with?

Answer 11

A difficulty in planning and programming movement sequences, resulting in dysprosody and errors in speech sound production.

Question 12

What does childhood dysarthria involve?

Answer 12

Difficulty with sensorimotor control processes involved in speech production, typically resulting from a known neurological impairment.

Question 13

What are the key differences between phonological disorders and motor speech disorders?

Answer 13

Phonological disorders involve issues with the mental representation and organization of speech sounds, while motor speech disorders focus on the physical production and coordination of speech sounds.

Question 14

4 types of classification systems

Answer 14

1. Shriberg’s (2010) Speech Disorders Classification System
2. Dodd’s (2013) Differential Diagnosis System
3. Stackhouse and Wells’ (1997) Psycholinguistic Framework
4. World Health Organisation’s (2007) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health–Children and Youth Version (ICF-CY)

Question 15

what type of classification system is Shriberg’s (2010) Speech Disorders Classification System?

Answer 15

aetiological framework

Question 16

what type of classification system is Dodd’s (2013) Differential Diagnosis System?

Answer 16

descriptive-linguistic framework

Question 17

what type of classification system is Stackhouse and Wells’ (1997) Psycholinguistic Framework?

Answer 17

processing-based framework

Question 18

what type of classification system is World Health Organisation’s (2007) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health–Children and Youth Version (ICF-CY)?

Answer 18

biopsychosocial framework

Question 19

What are some of the known genetic causes that can lead to SSD in children?

Answer 19

Genetic syndromes are known causes, such as Down syndrome, which can contribute to SSD in children.

Question 20

How do craniofacial anomalies, such as cleft palate, contribute to speech sound disorders?

Answer 20

Craniofacial anomalies like cleft palate can affect the physical structures needed for clear speech production, leading to SSD.

Question 21

In what ways do cognitive or intellectual impairments like Down syndrome impact speech development in children?

Answer 21

Cognitive impairments can cause delays in speech and language development, leading to difficulties in producing clear speech sounds.

Question 22

How does hearing loss, such as sensorineural hearing loss, affect speech sound development in children?

Answer 22

Hearing loss can prevent children from accurately hearing speech sounds, leading to difficulties in producing them correctly.

Question 23

What is the relationship between motor impairments like cerebral palsy and speech sound disorders in children?

Answer 23

Motor impairments can affect the muscles involved in speech production, making it difficult for children to articulate sounds clearly.

Question 24

How might autism spectrum disorders contribute to the development of speech sound disorders?

Answer 24

Autism spectrum disorders can affect communication skills, including speech sound production, due to difficulties in social communication and language development.

Question 25

For the majority of children with SSD, why is the cause of the disorder unknown?

Answer 25

The origin of SSD in most children remains unknown because many factors, including genetics and environment, are still being researched.

Question 26

How does the familial nature of SSD suggest a genetic component in cases where the origin is unknown?

Answer 26

The familial pattern of SSD in some children suggests that inherited genetic factors may contribute to the disorder when the cause is unknown.

Question 27

How does language impairment co-occur with speech sound disorders (SSD) in children?

Answer 27

Children with SSD can also have difficulties with expressive and/or receptive language, indicating a co-occurrence between speech and language issues.

Question 28

What is the relationship between SSD and difficulties with expressive or receptive language?

Answer 28

Children with SSD often experience challenges with both expressive (speaking) and receptive (understanding) language, which are linked to their speech sound issues.

Question 29

Why are children with SSD more likely to experience literacy difficulties compared to their typically developing peers?

Answer 29

Children with SSD are at higher risk of struggling with phonological awareness, reading, and spelling, key components of literacy development.

Question 30

According to the critical age hypothesis, why are children with SSD at greater risk of literacy difficulties if they still have SSD by age 5?

Answer 30

Children with SSD by age 5, when literacy instruction begins, are most at risk for reading and spelling difficulties, as these skills build on phonological awareness.

Question 31

What is the reported prevalence of co-occurrence between stuttering and SSD in children?

Answer 31

It is reported that 30-40% of children who stutter also have co-occurring speech sound disorders (SSD).

Question 32

How do oromotor difficulties contribute to speech sound disorders in children?

Answer 32

Oromotor difficulties, affecting the motor skills needed for speech, often co-occur with SSD and contribute to speech sound production issues.

Question 33

In what way does prosody play a role in the overlap between SSD and voice difficulties?

Answer 33

Prosody, which involves rhythm and intonation in speech, can be affected in children with SSD, especially if they have phonological impairment, CAS, or dysarthria.

Question 34

How might phonological impairment, CAS, childhood dysarthria, or hearing loss contribute to prosodic difficulties in children with SSD?

Answer 34

These conditions can affect prosodic elements of speech, making it harder for children with SSD to produce natural-sounding speech patterns.