W13 BIOETHICS Flashcards
refers to the identification, study and resolution or mitigation of conflicts among competing values or goals. It is both practical and normative science based on reasons, which studies human acts and provides norms and goodness.
Ethics
Ethics deals with the systemized body knowledge that can be use, practice and applied to the human action. It considers usefulness, practicality and application of human knowledge towards experience
PRACTICAL SCIENCE
Ethics establishes norms or standards for the direction and regulation of human actions, because it determines the principles of right and wrong in human behavior.
NORMATIVE SCIENCE
It refers to the ethical implication and applications of the healthcare related life sciences.
BIOETHICS
- Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
EGOISM
Ayn Rand, Adam Smith
Famous proponents of EGOISM
What makes something good or bad, right or wrong, is that it satisfies one’s desires, or meets one’s needs.
EGOISM
- Self-interest of person doing, considering or affected by the action.
- One should chose the action which most realizes to one’s own self-interest.
- It is about what makes something good or bad or right or wrong that satisfies one’s desire.
EGOISM
asserts that a person will always act in their own self-interest even it appears that they do aren’t.
Psychological egoism
What makes something good or bad, right or wrong, is that is produces the greatest amount of pleasure (or lack of pain) for the greatest number of people.
UTILITARIANISM
- Maximizing positive outcomes for the largest number of people, negative outcomes for lowest number of people.
- One should chose the action which will lead to greatest happiness such as pleasure, lack of pain or overall.
- One’s own pleasure and pain only account as much as any other person’s affected.
Famous Proponents of UTILITARIANISM
hedonistic happiness is the highest good in utilitarianism.
- Pleasure
friendship or knowledge preference.
- Pluralistic good
- Holds that the most important aspect of our lives are governed by certain unbreakable moral rules.
DEONTOLOGY
- One example of an unbreakable rule is the Ten Commandments.
- They may do the right thing even though the consequences of that action may not be good
DEONTOLOGY
Immanuel Kant and William David Ross
Famous Proponentsof Deontology
fulfilling duties towards self or other person is equivalent to the ethics of duties or obligation.
basic principle of deontology
, a German philosopher known for single principle, or categorical imperative. He also proposes universality what maxims past distress and persons end what count a person
Immanuel Kant
Do no harm
Non-maleficence
Doing acts of goodness
Beneficence
Treat ‘equals’ equally
Justice
Respect individuals decision
Autonomy
Being faithful
Fidelity
Good attitude and self- improvement
Reparation
- Four commonly accepted principles of health care ethics, excerpted from Beauchamp and Childress (2008), include
Ethics such as Autonomy, Non-maleficence, Beneficence, and Justice
- Reason reveals our duty
- It is a categorical imperative which is required that the action must be universalized, and thus the action treats people as end not just means.
KANT’S VERSION
- Common sense intuition reveals our prima facie duties, duty of non-injury has priority, and other duties such as fidelity, beneficence, justice and self-improvement.
ROSS VERSION
is a duty that is binding or obligatory, other things being equal.
- According to Ross, a prima facie duty
a Latin term that is commonly understood to mean “on the first appearance” or “based on first impression.”
- A prima facie duty
- What makes something good or bad, right or wrong is that it involves caring for another and supports relationship with other people.
- One should always choose the action which supports or nourish other people, particularly those who are the most vulnerable such as children, and workers
CARE ETHICS
action which is caring towards those who are vulnerable or needs support.
- Basic principle of CARE ETHICS
Carol Gilligan, Virginia Held & Michael Slote
Famous Proponents of CARE ETHICS
- What makes something good or bad, right or wrong is that it actually embodies or promotes traits culturally acknowledged as good or bad
VIRTUE ETHICS
Aristotle “everything with the purpose”
Confucius “do unto others what you would not want others to do unto you”
Famous Proponent of VIRTUE ETHICS
actions reflective or productive of good or bad character embodies develop.
Basic principles of of VIRTUE ETHICS
different traditions and theories develop different list of virtues.
important variations of of VIRTUE ETHICS
an excellence or desirable moral quality. It is often defined by the social roles such as parent, child, teachers and etc.
VIRTUE THEORY
often attributed to Aristotle, posits that man should live life according to an inherent human nature.
NATURAL LAW
concerned with questions of the basic human values such as their right to life and health.
- Bioethics
- The rightness and wrongness of certain development in health care institutions, life technology, medicine, health professions and societies responsible for the health and life of its members.
BIOETHICAL ISSUES
aims to investigate and study how health care physicians are made.
- Bioethics
- As a medical technology, medical advances at a rapid pace, health care professionals are tasked with examining the resulting ethical dilemmas or bioethical issues.
- Bioethics aims to investigate and study how health care physicians are made.
- Most fundamentally, it is important because medicine is ethically challenging, clinical life is full of implication, and physical
BIOETHICS IN HEALTHCARE
recognition that people have to make their own choices, pose their own views, and take actions based on their personal values and belief system.
Autonomy
treating other people with fairness.
Justice
an act of doing-well and promoting well being, charity, mercy in kindness with strong connotations of doing good to others inducing moral obligations
Beneficence
doing no harm whether intentionally or not intentionally.
Non-maleficence
closely related but not identical to medical bioethics.
- Medical ethics
focuses primarily on issue consisting out of the practice of medicine, while bioethics is a very broad subject that is concerned with the moral issue raised by the development in biological sciences
- Medical ethics
philosophical discipline pertaining to notions of good or bad, right or wrong.
- Ethics
application of the field of medicine and health care ethics.
- Bioethics
Working in the public interest.
Obeying laws and respect
diversity and local customs
Freedom of speech
Freedom of assembly
Freedom of media
Honesty, truth and fact-based communication
Integrity
Transparency and disclosure
Privacy
Guiding principles
Commitment to continuous learning and training
Avoiding conflict of interest
Advocating for the profession
Respect and fairness in dealing with public
Expertise without guarantee of results beyond capacity
Behaviors that enhance the profession
Professional conduct
Principles of professional practice
- Before you pray – BELIEVE
- Before you speak – LISTEN
- Before you spend – EARN
- Before you write – THINK
- Before you quit – TRY
- Before you die – LIVE
SIX ETHICS OF LIFE
