Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DS2102: Pharmacology > W12: Spectrum of Pain Control > Flashcards

W12: Spectrum of Pain Control Flashcards

1
Q

List all methods of the Spectrum of Pain and Anxiety Control. Point out which method should be involved every procedure.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define/compare Anxiolysis, Sedation and Hypnosis

A
  • Anxiolysis – “dissolving anxiety” - Anxiety affects pain perception therefore anxiolytics may be avaluable adjunct to pain control
  • Sedation – “state of relaxation or sleepiness”
  • Hypnosis – inducing sleep

These drugs are all CNS depressants and also cause muscle relaxation. Action is dose dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a ‘Phobia’, more specifically the symptoms/signs

A

Mental health diagnosis criteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe a tool that can be used to measure a patients anxiety. What score indicates a possible phobia?

A

Questionnaire

ach item scored as follows:
Not anxious = 1
Slightly anxious = 2
Fairly anxious = 3
Very anxious = 4
Extremely anxious = 5
Total score is a sum of all five items, range 5 to 25: Cut off is 19 or above which indicates a highly dentally anxious patient, possibly dentally phobic

Can be counter productive and induce anxiety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List some Basic Patient Psychological/Behavioural management techniques

A
  • Relaxation
  • Cognitive rehearsal
  • Distraction
  • Modelling (watch other person go through process)
  • De-sensitization (one step at a time/appt.)
  • Hypnosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the risks of Local Anaesthesia

A
  • Overdose (CNS effect that usually manifests as seizures)
  • Trauma (during the procedure (facial nerve palsy) or post-op (lip biting ect.))
  • Psychogenic (syncope) - faint
  • Incorrect technique (ex, trismus)
  • Equipment failure (needle fracture)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List some common pre-medication options

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the top 3 pre medication Pharmacokinetics - include dosage

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the 4 levels of Sedation

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Nitrous oxide?

Characteristics

A

Sweet smelling, non-irritant colourless gasm, Naturally occuring, Weak anaesthetic, Low blood gas solubility, Drug of Abuse,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List the 4 Effects of Inhalation Sedation

A
  • Sedation (side effect)
  • Anxiolysis (GOAL)
  • Mood alteration
  • Analgesia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the MOA/Pharmacodynamics of N2O

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Potency of a drug is measured by ‘Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC)’. Define.

A

Potency: Alveolar concentration needed to prevent movement in 50% of patients in response to pain
Example: Low potency (High MAC = low potency) - MAC Inversly proportinate to potency

N2O: Weak anaesthetic MAC = 104 (%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List the indications for Nitrous Oxide sedation

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List the contraindications of Nitrous Oxide sedation

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do you minimise N2O pollution

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

N2O and Intravenous Sedation are forms of conscious sedation. What is conscious sedation? - define.

A
18
Q

List the indications for IV sedation

A
19
Q

List the drugs commonly used for List the indications for IV sedation

A
20
Q

List the actions of Benzodiazepines

A
Therefore close monitoring is important - O2 saturation, pulse, BP, breath
21
Q

What is the process of dosage for sedatives?

A

Inject slowly with pauses between increments…Titrated against patient response

22
Q

What are the signs of sedation

A
23
Q

What is Flumazeni?

A

Reversal agent for BDZ
* Must be available
* Improves short term recovery
* Elective and emergency use

24
Q

What are the Signs of sedation?

A
25
Q

List the Post-sedation instructions

A
26
Q

What level of sedation is General Anaesthesia?

A

Patients are unaware of and unresponsive to painful stimuli
* Effects are on the Central Nervous System

27
Q

List the Indications for GA

A
28
Q

List the three Ideal Anaesthetic Drug properties

A
  • Rapid Induction
  • Level of anaesthesia can be adjusted
  • Rapid Recovery

Only possible with inhaled anaesthetics

The anaesthesia is CONTROLLABLE

29
Q

Describe the potency of general anaesthetics

A
  • Potency related to lipid solubility (↑lipid solubility = ↑potency)
  • Potency expressed as the MAC value (inverse relationship) -

The Minimum alveolar concentration required to abolish a response to surgical incision in 50% of patients. related to…
Lipid solubility expressed as** oil:gas partition coefficient**

30
Q

Describe the MOA of General anaesthetics including the sites of action

A
31
Q

List the signs/action of General anaesthetics

A
  • Unconsciousness
  • Loss of reflexes (muscle relaxation)
  • Analgesia
  • Amnesia

Possible unwanted effects…
* ↓cardiac contractility→cardiovascular depression
* May cause ventricular extrasystoles (↑sensitivity to Adr)
* Respiratory depression (except N2O) and↑arterial CO2

32
Q

What is a mallampati score used for?

A

Measure airway in order to fit aid for sedation

33
Q

What is involved in a GA procedure (steps)

A
34
Q

When the anaesthetic enters the body, where does it travel?

A

Injected Anaesthetics cross the Blood-brain barrier
Concentration of the anaesthetic in the brain closely approximates arterial concentration

Inhaled anaesthetics the anaesthetic moves from the alveoli to the bloodstream
Concentrations of the alveolar anaesthetic and the arterial anaesthetic approach equilibrium (dependent on the blood:gas partition coefficient)

35
Q

The rate of equilibrium is dependent on the blood:gas partition coefficient. The ____ the solubility in blood, the faster the equilibrium is reached (onset) and the ____ it leaves the blood (recovery).

A

The rate of equilibrium is dependent on the blood:gas partition coefficient. The lower the solubility in blood, the faster the equilibrium is reached (onset) and the faster it leaves the blood (recovery)

36
Q

What is the inverse indicator of anesthetic gas potency?

A

Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC)

37
Q

What does the Blood:Gas partition co-efficient and Oil: gas partition co-efficient represent?

A
38
Q

What classification represents an Estimation of medical risk to patients undergoing surgical procedure. List the levels

A

ASA Classification

Examples: 1. healthy 2. asthma or epilepsy 3. angina (not controlled) 4. Elderly with cardiac issues or COPD
39
Q

List the advantages and disadvantages of Oral Premedication

A
40
Q

List the advantages and disadvantages of Nitrous Oxide Sedation.

A
41
Q

List the advantages and disadvantages of Intravenous Sedation

A
42
Q

List the advantages and disadvantages of General Anaesthesia

A

DS2102: Pharmacology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions