W10 - Space Flashcards
Define and identify what the 1967 Outer Space treaty is, and what its limitations are.
The current international legal regime regarding outer space
established by the United Nations (UN) under the Outer Space Treaty2 is
inadequate to handle many of the weaponization issues in space that are
likely to arise in the near future and are even now beginning to occur. The
Outer Space Treaty must either be amended or a new treaty must be
formed in order to address the recent increase in the militarization of space
and the threat of the weaponization of space.
This
civilian/military overlap adds to the difficulty in developing a functioning
legal framework for the militarization of space.
Define what the militarization of space is, recognize a timeline of the militarization of space, the central actors (US, Russia, China etc) and list the risks of such militarization
On the one hand, international cooperation (ISS international space station); on the other hand is the reality of race for the skies
Space Race – Cold War context: first satellite Sputnik (1957); NASA established in (1958); Space Policy (2006); National Space Policy (2010), Apollo
SpaceX partnership with NASA
US, Russia, China – International domination for the skies
International law and the Outer Space Treaty (1967) is inadequate, does not address weapons in space
Weaponization of space is not far away (Taft, 2017)
Identify and recognize the role of law and politics in managing space and space exploration.
Identify the purpose and mission of the US Space Force.
List and recognize how space is depicted as the final frontier in popular culture.
Humans have long looked to the stars for wayfinding, inspiration, spiritualism
Science fiction predicts the future, but “space wars are no longer science fiction.” (Taft, 2017)
List and describe examples of popular culture that has influenced how people imagine the future and our relationship with outer space…
Swiss Family Robinson
Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy
Star Trek
Star Wars
NASA -influences public opinion, propagandizes to some extent
double edged sword
weaponization and colonization of space
Identify the political implications of the Space Race and the Cold War.
-Some reject changes brought by industrial transformation
-Renewed efforts at international diplomacy and a focus on human rights The Geneva Convention, 1947
-The Atomic Age, the space race, the arms race, the science race, “our way is better than your way” all of these things are related to industrial transformation
- captured Germany’s rocket engineers and technology after WWII
- US and Soviets fought in a race to produce best space technology
- 1955 - both announced they would be launching satellites into space - sputnik 1957
- 1961 - Yuri Gagarin, first man in space in Vostok 1
- Valentina (russian astronaut) - became first woman in space
- NASA increased budget for Gemini and Apollo programs
- Jul 20th, 1969 - Neil A, Buzz A, Michael C become first men on moon
- 1975 - Apollo Sojs joint mission
Define what the Cold War was, when it happened and how it relates to the space race.
-Science fiction and the annihilation of uncertainty amid Cold War hysteria
- a rivalry between the USSR and the USA that played out globally.
- Socialism, at least as Marx constructed it, wanted to take over the world, and many Soviets saw themselves in a conflict with bourgeois capitalism itself.
- the Soviets saw American rebuilding efforts in Europe and Japan as the U.S. trying to expand its markets, which, is exactly what we were doing
- So the U.S. feared that the USSR wanted to destroy democratic and capitalist institutions. And the Soviets feared that the US wanted to use its money and power to dominate Europe and eventually destroy the Soviet system
- From the beginning, the U.S had the advantage because it had more money and power and could provide Europe protection (what with its army and one of a kind nuclear arsenal) while Europe rebuilt itself
- The USSR had to rebuild itself, and also they had the significant disadvantage of being controlled by JS
- Europe was the first battleground of the Cold
War, especially Germany, which was divided into 2 parts with the former capital, Berlin, also divided into 2 parts. - In 1948, the Soviets tried to cut off West Berlin,
by closing the main road that led into the city, but the Berlin airlift stopped them. And then in 1961, the Soviets tried again and this time they were much more successful building a wall around West Berlin (the Berlin Wall) - U.S. response to the Soviets was a policy called containment
- the Marshall Plan spent $13 billion on re-building western Europe with grants and credits that Europeans would spend on American consumer goods and on construction
- US also tried to slow the spread of communism by founding NATO and with CIA interventions in elections where communists had a chance, as in Italy.
- nuclear arms race
Both sides developed nuclear arsenals, the Soviets initially with the help of spies who stole American secrets.
-nuclear arsenals were so big that the U.S. and USSR agreed on a strategy appropriately called MAD, which stood for Mutually Assured Destruction - 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. Able Archer 83 - 1983, when we forgot to give the Russians the heads up that we were doing some war games, which made it look like we had launched a first strike.
- proxy wars:
Korean war, Vietnam War
after Korea and especially China became communist, Vietnam’s movement toward communism seemed very much a threat to Japan, which the U.S. had helped re-make into a vibrant capitalist ally. - US supported anti communist mujahideen who became taliban later
- US supported anti leftist government rebels
- in El Salvador, the US bolstered authoritarian regimes that were threatened by left wing guerillas
- Supported Guatemala
- The Suez Crisis where British and French paratroopers were sent in to try to stop Egypt from nationalizing the Suez canal
- famous CIA-engineered coup to overthrow Iran’s democratically elected prime minister Mohammad Mosaddegh after his government attempted to nationalize Iran’s oil industry
- CIA helping Chile’s General Augusto Pinochet overthrow democratically elected Marxist president Salvador Allende in 1973.
- Soviets used force to crush popular uprisings in Hungary in 1956 and in Czechoslovakia in 1968.
- Gorbachev’s Perestroika and Glasnost
Identify and recognize the role the President Kennedy played in the space race and the militarization of space.
Recognize the establishment of NASA and the significance of Kennedy’s Moon Speech as a pivotal cultural moment in the space race.
Identify the contributions of Ride to the investigation into the crash of the Space Shuttle Challenger.
Identify and recognize the timeline of Sally Ride’s life and her central accomplishments and significance as an astronaut and public intellectual.
Identify and recognize the challenges faced by Dr. Ride as a result of her gender, and outline how she dealt with, and addressed, the criticism.
Identify and recognize the timeline of Sally Ride’s life and her central accomplishments and significance as an astronaut and public intellectual.
Identify and recognize the challenges faced by Dr. Ride as a result of her gender, and outline how she dealt with, and addressed, the criticism.
Sally Ride was an accomplished American astronaut and the first American woman to travel to space. She was the third women ever to travel to space and proceeded two female cosmonauts from the Soviet Union. She was born in 1951 in Santa Monica, California and was raised in the San Fernando area.
18 June 1983 – Dr. Sally Ride leaves Earth on the Challenger Space Shuttle. She was part of a crew of five that spent about six days in space, during which she used the arm to deploy and retrieve a satellite.
5 October 1984—Dr. Ride returns to space as a Mission Specialist on the Challenger for eight days.
28 January 1986—The Space Shuttle Challenger explodes, killing all on board. Dr. Ride is appointed to a panel to investigate the causes of the crash.
