W1 The profession and practice of speech pathology Flashcards
Speech disorders
Articulation
Phonology
Motor Speech
Structural
Language disorders
They are Developmental and acquired
Expressive (oral/written)
Receptive (oral/written)
Pragmatic (social language)
cognition (working memory, attention, executive function)
Swallowing disorders
Dysphagia (congenital or acquired)
Oral function (eating/drinking)
Cognition (working memory, attention, executive function)
Voice disorders
Laryneal pathologies
Functional disorders
Fluency disorders
Stuttering
Cluttering
Multimodal Communication disorders
Complex communication needs requiring manual, verbal, and/or other alternative or augmentative supports for communication
Components of the ICF
Health condition (disorder or disease)
Body functions & structure
Activity
Participation
Environmental factors
Personal factors
range of clients with whom speech pathologists may work
people who have difficulty communicating because of
- developmental delays
- stroke
- brain injuries
- learning disability
- intellectual disability
- cerebral palsy
- dementia
- hearing loss
- other problems that can affect speech and language
people who experience difficulties swallowing food and drinking safely
List a range of locations where speech pathologists may work.
hospitals - acute and rehabilitation
community health centres
ages care facilities
community rehabilitation teams
disability services
correctional institutions
childcare services
preschools
primary school
high schools
special schools, special education units
university
early intervention centres
group homes
private practice
mental health services
not for profit organisations
supported employment/employment rehabilitation
research centres
Teamwork - Multidisciplinary
Each discipline approaches client from their own perspective
Each team member conducts assessment, planning and provision in coordination
Teams shares information regarding the client and discuss future directions for patient care and consequently relies on a good communication system
Teamwork - Interdisciplinary
Team members contribute their own profession specific expertise, but they collaborate to interpret findings and develop a plan
Team members negotiate priorities and agree by consensus
Analogy of the hand used in interdisciplinary practice: individual digits of have different functions but work in an integrated way
Teamwork - Transdisciplinary
Team members work across traditional disciplinary boundaries
Boundaries between disciplines may be blurred
There is training across disciplines, and flexibility in accomplishing tasks
Identify key documents guiding the profession of speech pathology.
Scope of Practice
Code of Ethics
Professional Standards Competency-based Occupational Standards (CBOS)
Service delivery in speech pathology.
Holistic client services
Client & family centred practice
Clinic based intervention
Group intervention
Early intervention
Intensive intervention
Telepractice
Preventative care
Holistic client services
considers the whole individual within a bio-psycho-social model, including the systems they participate in
included and respond to all aspects of their life and well-being, including their culture, beliefs, practices, changes across their life
Client & family centred practice
client and their family are involved as an integral part of all planning, choices and their decision making
therapists work collaboratively with families, recognising them as equal partners in supporting the child’s learning and development
features
- involvement of family is valued, emphasised and acted upon
- professionals encourage families’ choices and their decision-making
- collaborative relationship exists between families and professionals
- familiar family activities provide the foundation for effective interventions
- services are responsive to culture, context and family preferences
Clinic-based intervention
direct intervention with an identified client, and their family where appropriate
in a speech pathology clinic (hospitals, community health centres, private practice, etc)
regular attendance over a specific timeframe
specific goals of individuals
often paired with home activities to encourage carryover of learning
Clinic-based intervention advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
- time efficient for clinician
- direct, client-centred
- addresses needs of individuals
- client satisfaction
Disadvantages
- relatively high-cost (either user cost-system costs)
- demand ≠ supply of services
- non-naturalistic contexts - communication with others in the person’s environment
- practicing skills and activities in real-life contexts (generalisation)
- relies on individual’s ability to attend
Group intervention
- 2/+ clients who have similar challenges and therapy goals, and their families, when appropriate
- in a speech pathology clinic, school to other community settings
- regular attendance for a specified period of time
- shared goals of group members; can be more generic than individual therapy
- often paired with home activities to encourage carryover of learning
Group intervention advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
- Can be effective in some domains and for some client groups
- facilitates interaction between clients and families
- can be time and cost effective
Disadvantages
- may not be beneficial in some domains and client groups
- goals less individualised
planning and organisation
- space and other logistics
Group VS Individual intervention
Group
- group of 2/+ clients
- usually at a similar level, with similar needs
- interaction among clients is an integral part of the therapeutic process
- targets improvements in speech language and communication
- goal directed
Individual
- one client - one therapist/therapy assistant
- intervention specifically tailored to client need
- targets improvements in speech language and communication
- goal directed
Early intervention
children aged birth - 3 years and their families. Children with identified communication needs, to at a high risk
Works with clients directly, or services are provided by others with support of the speech pathologist. Typically involves a multidisciplinary early intervention team
focuses on skills such as
- cognitive (thinking, learning, problem-solving)
- communication (gesturing, talking, listening, understanding)
- physical and sensory (Playing, understanding feelings, making friends)
- adaptive or self-help skills (eating, bathing, dressing)
Why early intervention
- neuroplasticity
- strengthen neural networks through positive early experiences
- less costly and more effective than interventions provided later in life
- result of early communication difficulties such as language delay frequently includes pro academic outcomes, reading difficulties, and persistent communication problems (Roberts & Kaiser, 2015)
Intensive intervention programs
direct intervention with an identified client, often with at least one family member
in a speech pathology clinic
intensive for concentrated ‘bursts’ of therapy
rather client specific (highly individualised) or groups
Telepractice
application of telecommunications technology to deliver clinical services at a distance. by linking clinician to client, caregiver, or any person(s) responsible for delivering care to the client
can be used for
- assessment
- intervention
- consultation
- supervision
potential to increase access to speech pathology services across the lifespan
direct intervention with an identified client and their family
At locations with appropriate facilities and connection
Dependent on the purpose of the consultation and client access
Targets specific goals of individuals or groups
Additional skills and abilities needed to provide effective telehealth services
How it works
- Live, videoconference meeting
- May use different tools, made as close to an onsite service as possible
- Use of video and audio for therapist to model and observe speech and language
- Screenshare, share items on computer as if they were on your own computer
- Drawing and typing functions, to interact with screen shared materials
- Webcams, show / observe physical materials
- At times, may also include sharing recorded information. May help speech pathologists observe and analyse information about a communication or swallowing issue
Preventive care
- Prevent development of communication disorders or reduce the impact of the communication disorder
- Does not target specific needs of an individual. Focused on population-based interventions targeting specific domains that impact communication
- Within community
- Often works through health education / promotion
- Prevention of onset and maintenance of communication difficulties in the population
Levels of prevention - Primary
Focus: Reduce the incidence of the condition in the population
Target: Whole population or sub-populations
Levels of prevention - Secondary
Focus: Reduce the risk of progression of the condition in ‘asymptomatic’ individuals
Target: High-risk or individuals with known high-risk factors
Level of prevention - Tertiary
Focus: Reduce the impact of the condition and improve function through treatment of rehabilitation
Target: Individuals / groups with the condition
