W1 - Physiology of menstruation, fertilisation and implantation

Question 1

what is the definition of the ovarian cycle

Answer 1

the cycle in which the oocyte matures and is relased.

Question 2

what is the average length of time of the ovarian cycle

Answer 2

28 days

Question 3

what is the definition of the uterine cycle

Answer 3

cycle in which the uterine lining grows and is shed as menstruation

Question 4

how is GnRH secreted in the menstrual cycle

Answer 4

in 2hr pulsatile secretion

Question 5

what is the basic overview of the HPO axis

Answer 5

Hypothalamus
GnRH
Pituitary
FSH/LH
Ovary
Oestrogen and Progesterone

Question 6

what hormones moderate ovarian cycle

Answer 6

GnRH
FSH
LH
Oestrogen
Progesterone

Question 7

what non-hormones moderate ovarian cycle

Answer 7

Inhibin
Insulin like Growth factors
Kisspeptin-Leptin

Question 8

what is the function of FSH and what does it do

Answer 8

Recruitment

• Increase no. of granulosa cells
• Stimulates aromatase activity - conversion of androgens to oestrogens

Question 9

what is the function of FSH and what does it do

Answer 9

Acts on theca cells

Increases uptake of cholesterol and LDL
Production of androstenedione and testosterone

Question 10

how many eggs are released on average in a woman’s reproductive life

Answer 10

~400

Question 11

what are the stages of a follicle

Answer 11

primordial follicle
primary follicle
secondary follicle
tertiary follicle
graffian follicle

Question 11

how is the uterine cycle started

Answer 11

menstruation is the start - shedding of endometrium

Question 12

what are the phases in the ovarian cycle

Answer 12

Follicular phase
Ovulation
Luteal
Menstrual

Question 13

describe the ovarian cycle

Answer 13

Question 14

describe the hormones that are released in the ovarian cycle at each stages

Answer 14

Question 15

what happens to the ovary in the follicular phase

Answer 15

Cells around the oocyte divide and increase releasing oestrogen

Question 16

what happens to the uterus in the follicular phase

Answer 16

Endometrial lining thickens

Question 17

in the follicular phase when is the dominant follcile selected

Answer 17

day 5-7

Question 18

what condition has more theca cells

Answer 18

PCOS
more theca
more androgens and oestrogens
more negative feedback to inhibit ovulation
- subfertility

Question 19

what does LH do in ovulatoin

Answer 19

LH surge

Question 20

what is the LH surge and how long does it last

Answer 20

At threshold level increasing estradiol positive feedback on pituitary and increases LH - LH surge
Lasts for 48 hours

Question 21

how long until ovulation is triggered after LH surge

Answer 21

36hrs after surge

Question 22

what happens to hormones in the menstrual phase

Answer 22

corpus luteum disintegrates
- oestrogen and progesterone fall - Increase FSH and LH

Question 23

what is the normal volume of blood in menstruation

Answer 23

5-80ml

Question 24

what are the 3 processes that take place for pregnancy

Answer 24

Ovulation Fertilization Implantation

Question 25

where does spermatogenesis take place

Answer 25

seminiferous tubules

Question 26

how many sperm cells would 1 primary spermatocyte produce

Answer 26

4

Question 27

what treasports the sperm out

Answer 27

vas deferens

Question 28

do clots signify heavy bleeding

Answer 28

yes there should be fibrinolysis to keep the menstruation liquid clots signify there too much and this is overcome

Question 29

how long are sperm mobile

Answer 29

60hrs

Question 30

how long are sperm fertile

Answer 30

48hrs

Question 31

how long is the oocyte able to be fertilised

Answer 31

6-24hrs

Question 32

what is the name of the barrier around the oocyte

Answer 32

zona pellucida

Question 33

what are the steps of fertilisation (10) CAP P FC Z R FM

Answer 33

Capacitation Acrosome reaction Penetration of corona radiata Penetration of zona pellucida Fusion of plasma membrane Cortical reaction Zonal reaction Resumption of second meiotic division Formation of pronuclei Metabolic activation of the egg

Question 34

how long until implantation takes place

Answer 34

6 fays after fertiisation

Question 35

what can cause a kink in the fallopian tube

Answer 35

STIs - chlamydia and gonorrhoea trauma - previous surgery cancer - endometrium