w1 PEG Direct Opthalmoscopy Flashcards
what is the fundus and why does it need to be assessed?
back of the eye, assessed for internal eye disease and systemic disease
examples of internal eye disease
cataract
glaucoma
maculopathy
examples of systemic disease found via a fundoscopy
diabetes
hypertension
multiple sclerosis
The ISNT rule? and what it states
used to evaluate the optic disc in eye examinations/ how the optic nerve is supposed to look in a normal eye.
The thickness of the neuroretinal rim should decrease in this order:
Inferior Rim > Superior > Nasal > Temporal Rim
macula? and what it’s responsible for
-> area of the posterior retina containing xanthophyllic pigment & 2 or more layers of ganglion cells
-> resp for central vision, most colour vision and fine detail
fovea??
central of macula, provides clearest vision of all
what features you need to assess when you look at the patient’s fundus.
optic disc, retina vessels, macula, fovea, retinal background, periphery, choroid, pigmentation, hemorrhages, exudates, overal appearance
describe how u would assess the optic disc when looking at the patients fundus
examine the size, colour, and amrgins for signs of swelling (papilledema) or cupping, which could indicate glaucoma, asses the ISNT rule (inferior>superioi>nasal>temporal rim thickness) for any devations
describe how u would assess the retinal vessels when looking at the patients fundus
check the arterioles and venules for colour, size and shape, look for changes like narrowing, which may signal hypertension or diabetes
describe how u would assess the macula when looking at the patients fundus
inspect the macula for clarity, pigmentation and the presence of the foveal reflex, absence or abnormalities such as drusen could indicate macular degeneration.
describe how u would assess the fovea when looking at the patients fundus
evaluate the central fovea for any changes in reflectivity or colour, as issues here directly impact central vision
describe how u would assess the retinal background when looking at the patients fundus
observe the retina for any discolouration, lesions, or pigmentary changes, which could suggest retinal pathologies or systemic conditions like anemia or leukemia
describe how u would assess the periphery when looking at the patients fundus
examine the peripheral retina for tears, holes or signs of degeneration, which may predispose the patient to retinal detachment
describe how u would assess the choroid when looking at the patients fundus
look for visibility and any signs of abnormailities such as a choroidal neovascularisation, which can indicate underlying conditions like age-related macular degeneration
describe how u would assess the pigmentation when looking at the patients fundus
check for abnormal pigmentation (hyper- or hypopigmentation) which can suggest retinal diseases like retinitis pigmentosa
describe how u would assess the hemorrhages when looking at the patients fundus
note any dot, blot or flame-shaped hemorrhages, often associated with diabetic retinopathy or hypertension
describe how u would assess the exudates when looking at the patients fundus
look for hard exudates (yellowish deposits) or cotton-wool spots (fluffy white spots) which indicate vascular issues or ischemia
describe how u would assess the overall appearance when looking at the patients fundus
assess the fundus holistically, considering overall symmetry, clarity and any signs that might indicate systemic diseases like diabetes or infections affecting the retina
