W1 Flashcards
What was the Mechanical Turk?
A. An early prototype of a robot capable of playing chess independently
B. A chess-playing automaton with a hidden human operator
C. A type of programmable mechanical calculator
D. A fictional device from a science fiction novel
Answer: B
According to Masahiro Mori, robots become less likable when:
A. They look entirely non-human
B. Their behavior matches human expectations
C. They closely resemble humans but fall short in some way
D. They display too many human-like emotions
Answer: C
Which of the following best describes symbolic AI?
A. It mimics the neural processes of the human brain
B. It processes symbols and rules defined by humans to solve problems
C. It learns patterns directly from data without explicit rules
D. It uses networks of perceptrons to simulate cognition
Answer: B
What event is often considered the “official” start of artificial intelligence as a field?
A. Alan Turing’s development of the Turing machine
B. The Dartmouth Workshop in 1956
C. The invention of the Analytical Engine by Charles Babbage
D. The creation of Deep Blue by IBM
Answer: B
The “AI Winter” occurred because:
A. Government funding was reduced after AI promises were not realized
B. Neural networks were deemed too complex to develop further
C. Computers were unable to process large amounts of data efficiently
D. The Turing Test was discredited
Answer: A
The “Chinese Room” argument supports the idea that executing a program is sufficient for consciousness.
False
Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine was the first functional computer ever built.
False
The Turing Test evaluates whether a machine can mimic human behavior indistinguishably from a human.
True
Neural networks are a form of symbolic AI.
False
The uncanny valley effect suggests that humans prefer robots to look as human as possible.
False
Deep learning methods have become synonymous with AI in popular media, even though they are only one approach within AI.
True
One of the main challenges for early AI was creating systems with basic human-like common sense.
True
In symbolic AI, the knowledge is encoded explicitly through human-interpretable rules.
True
How does the concept of the “uncanny valley” explain human emotional responses to robots that resemble humans?
The uncanny valley refers to the phenomenon where robots become more likable as they resemble humans, but when their resemblance becomes almost identical yet slightly imperfect, they evoke discomfort or fear. This reaction likely stems from evolutionary instincts or cognitive dissonance caused by encountering something that is human-like but subtly “off.”
Why is John Searle’s “Chinese Room” argument significant in debates about AI consciousness?
Searle’s argument challenges the notion that running a program or manipulating symbols, as computers do, constitutes genuine understanding or consciousness. It highlights the difference between processing information syntactically versus understanding it semantically.
In what ways did the industrial revolution contribute to the idea of creating intelligent machines?
The industrial revolution introduced the widespread use of machines to perform tasks previously done by humans, fostering the belief that human abilities, including intelligence, could eventually be replicated mechanically.
Describe the main differences between symbolic AI and subsymbolic AI approaches.
Symbolic AI relies on explicit rules and logic to process human-defined symbols, focusing on tasks like reasoning and problem-solving. Subsymbolic AI, like neural networks, learns patterns from data and simulates cognition in ways inspired by the human brain, focusing on perception and adaptability.
What are the psychological implications of people anthropomorphizing robots or AI systems?
Anthropomorphizing leads people to assign human qualities and emotions to machines, which can create empathy for robots, as seen in “robot abuse” studies. However, it can also lead to unrealistic expectations or misinterpretation of AI’s capabilities.
How did the Turing Test redefine our understanding of intelligence and consciousness?
The Turing Test proposed that if a machine’s responses are indistinguishable from a human’s in conversation, it should be considered intelligent, shifting the focus from internal consciousness to external behavior as a measure of intelligence.
Why were early AI pioneers overly optimistic about the timeline for achieving general artificial intelligence?
Early pioneers underestimated the complexity of human intelligence and the challenges of replicating tasks like language comprehension, common sense, and adaptability. They assumed that solving specific problems, like chess, would naturally lead to broader AI capabilities.
Discuss the role of emotion (affect) in human cognition and how its absence in AI may affect the development of true intelligence.
Emotion helps humans prioritize, motivate actions, and signal what matters in decision-making. Without emotion, AI lacks the ability to assess the importance of outcomes or understand the subjective value of tasks, limiting its capacity for “true intelligence.”
The Computational Theory of Mind
- Thinking consists of computations on representations
- These computational processes are realized in the human brain (somehow) just like logic is realized in digital computers
- Therefore mental processes are software that runs on the brain’s hardware
what is strong AI and weak AI
Strong AI = AI will be conscious
* Weak AI = AI is useful to study the mind
what are the 2 responses to Searles chinese room
- There is something in the room (or the room itself) that has a rudimentary form of conscious thought
- The argument shows that the Turing test is not reliable: a system can pass the Turing test without conscious thought
according to searle what do artificial machines miss to be able to think like humans
a) fast processing speed
b) advanced algorithms
c) understanding
d) consciousness
d
what is the singularity
when AI passes human inteligence
what was the 1st truly brain inspired network called
perceptron
who coined the term AI
McCarthy
