W/S 5 Flashcards
What is human papilloma virus (HPV)?
- cause and symptoms
is a small, circular, double stranded DNA papilloma virus that infects cutaneous or mucosal epithelial tissues in humans
often asymptomatic and self-limiting
symptoms
- anogenital warts, respiratory papillomatosis, precancerous or cancerous cervical, penile, vulvar, vaginal, anal, and oropharyngeal lesions.
How can HPV progress to cancer?
persistent infection with high-risk HPV types is responsible for 99.7% of cervical squamous cell cancer cases
one factor that increases the risk of progression to cervical cancer is co-infection with a different STI
- HIV
How can HPV be prevented?
vaccine
What is herpes simple virus (HSV)?
- cause and symptoms
genital herpes is caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2)
- HSV-1 is more commonly associated with oral disease
- HSV-2 is the primary causative agent of genital herpes infections
symptoms
- pain or itching around the genitals, bumps or blisters around the genitals/anus/mouth, ulcers, and dysuria.
How can HSV be managed?
HSV infections can be managed with oral antivirals including suppressive therapy, such as aciclovir and valaciclovir.
What is the effect of HSV infection in pregnant women? How can it be prevented?
neonatal herpes
- it manifests when neonates are infected with HSV during vaginal birth.
neonatal infection can affect the skin, eyes, or mouth, but the central nervous system or multiple organs can also become infected
mother-to-child transmission is preventable by elective Caesarean-section delivery in mothers with active herpetic lesions.
What is syphilis? How can it be managed?
is a bacterial infection
- caused by the spirochaete Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.
syphilis in pregnancy is the second leading cause of stillbirth globally and has been associated with low birth weight, neonatal infections, and preterm delivery
How can syphilis be treated?
a single intramuscular injection of long-acting benzathine penicillin G can cure the early stages of syphilis
doxycycline can be given to non-pregnant women in cases of true penicillin allergy.
What is chlamydia?
- cause and symptoms
is a bacterial infection
- chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium that can replicate only inside a host cell.
symptoms: dysuria, dyspareunia (pain after sex), bleeding after sex, bleeding between periods, unusual vaginal discharge, pain in the lower abdomen,
How can chlamydia be treated?
azithromycin – one dose of 1g, followed by 500mg once a day for 2 days or doxycycline - 100 mg orally twice a day for 7 days.
single-dose azithromycin is also recommended for the treatment of chlamydia in pregnant women as doxycycline is not safe in pregnancy
What can chlamydia infection lead to?
infection can result in reproductive damage, and when untreated, it can be associated with pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, and tubal infertility.
What is gonorrhoea?
- cause and symptoms
is a bacterial infection
- caused by N. gonorrhoeae, a Gram-negative diplococcal bacterium
it can yield mucosal infections in epithelia of the urogenital tract and the ectocervix.
symptoms: thick green or yellow vaginal/penile discharge, dysuria, pain in the lower abdomen and bleeding between periods.
How can gonorrhoea be treated?
guidelines currently recommend cephalosporins for first-line gonorrhoea treatment
- specifically 500 mg intramuscular ceftriaxone for people weighing less than 150 kg
What is trichomoniasis?
is a parasitic STI
- caused by the parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis
symptoms: dysuria, dyspareunia, genital burning and itching, yellow/green/white thin discharge, foul odour, redness and soreness
How can trichomoniasis be treated?
a single dose of metronidazole (2 g orally) or twice-daily dose of metronidazole (500 mg orally) for 7 days.
What is an incubation period?
the period between exposure to an infection and the appearance of the first symptoms.
How do you confirm E.coli infection?
stool culture of diarrhoeal sample
- looking for the Shiga toxin.
How can E.coli lead to other complications? What complications can E.coli infection lead to?
the Shiga toxin released by E. coli spreads throughout circulation (leaves the gut) leading to other complications.
haemolytic uremic syndrome
- is a condition that affects people under 5 years old
- that affects the blood and blood vessels
haemorrhage colitis
- a severe manifestation of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
What is haemolytic uremic syndrome and haemorrhage colitis?
haemolytic uremic syndrome
- small blood vessels become damaged and inflamed. This damage can cause clots to form in the vessels all through the body.
= leads to platelet destruction, anaemia and kidney failure
haemorrhagic colitis
- characterised by abdominal cramping, bloody diarrhoea, and no or low-grade fever.
Why can giving antidiarrhoeal medicines like loperamide be harmful in E.coli infection?
loperamide slows intestinal motility and increases the risk of systemic complications
its antimotility effect may prevent the natural mechanism where pathogens are washed out.
- it keeps the bacteria in your body for longer preventing excretion, increasing likelihood of HUS
What is Colistin? How does it work?
a polymyxin antibiotic
- used for the treatment of acute and chronic infections caused by certain sensitive strains of Gram-negative bacteria.
is a surface-active agent which penetrates into and disrupts the bacterial cell membrane
- is polycationic and has both hydrophobic and lipophilic moieties
- it interacts with the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, changing its permeability
- this effect is bactericidal
What are concerning side effects of colistin?
blood in the urine
bluish lips or skin
burning, crawling, itching, numbness, prickling, “pins and needles”, or tingling feelings
change in the frequency or amount of urine.
chest tightness
cough
decrease in the amount of urine.
difficulty with breathing or swallowing
