W/S 5 Flashcards
What is human papilloma virus (HPV)?
- cause and symptoms
is a small, circular, double stranded DNA papilloma virus that infects cutaneous or mucosal epithelial tissues in humans
often asymptomatic and self-limiting
symptoms
- anogenital warts, respiratory papillomatosis, precancerous or cancerous cervical, penile, vulvar, vaginal, anal, and oropharyngeal lesions.
How can HPV progress to cancer?
persistent infection with high-risk HPV types is responsible for 99.7% of cervical squamous cell cancer cases
one factor that increases the risk of progression to cervical cancer is co-infection with a different STI
- HIV
How can HPV be prevented?
vaccine
What is herpes simple virus (HSV)?
- cause and symptoms
genital herpes is caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2)
- HSV-1 is more commonly associated with oral disease
- HSV-2 is the primary causative agent of genital herpes infections
symptoms
- pain or itching around the genitals, bumps or blisters around the genitals/anus/mouth, ulcers, and dysuria.
How can HSV be managed?
HSV infections can be managed with oral antivirals including suppressive therapy, such as aciclovir and valaciclovir.
What is the effect of HSV infection in pregnant women? How can it be prevented?
neonatal herpes
- it manifests when neonates are infected with HSV during vaginal birth.
neonatal infection can affect the skin, eyes, or mouth, but the central nervous system or multiple organs can also become infected
mother-to-child transmission is preventable by elective Caesarean-section delivery in mothers with active herpetic lesions.
What is syphilis? How can it be managed?
is a bacterial infection
- caused by the spirochaete Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.
syphilis in pregnancy is the second leading cause of stillbirth globally and has been associated with low birth weight, neonatal infections, and preterm delivery
How can syphilis be treated?
a single intramuscular injection of long-acting benzathine penicillin G can cure the early stages of syphilis
doxycycline can be given to non-pregnant women in cases of true penicillin allergy.
What is chlamydia?
- cause and symptoms
is a bacterial infection
- chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium that can replicate only inside a host cell.
symptoms: dysuria, dyspareunia (pain after sex), bleeding after sex, bleeding between periods, unusual vaginal discharge, pain in the lower abdomen,
How can chlamydia be treated?
azithromycin – one dose of 1g, followed by 500mg once a day for 2 days or doxycycline - 100 mg orally twice a day for 7 days.
single-dose azithromycin is also recommended for the treatment of chlamydia in pregnant women as doxycycline is not safe in pregnancy
What can chlamydia infection lead to?
infection can result in reproductive damage, and when untreated, it can be associated with pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, and tubal infertility.
What is gonorrhoea?
- cause and symptoms
is a bacterial infection
- caused by N. gonorrhoeae, a Gram-negative diplococcal bacterium
it can yield mucosal infections in epithelia of the urogenital tract and the ectocervix.
symptoms: thick green or yellow vaginal/penile discharge, dysuria, pain in the lower abdomen and bleeding between periods.
How can gonorrhoea be treated?
guidelines currently recommend cephalosporins for first-line gonorrhoea treatment
- specifically 500 mg intramuscular ceftriaxone for people weighing less than 150 kg
What is trichomoniasis?
is a parasitic STI
- caused by the parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis
symptoms: dysuria, dyspareunia, genital burning and itching, yellow/green/white thin discharge, foul odour, redness and soreness
How can trichomoniasis be treated?
a single dose of metronidazole (2 g orally) or twice-daily dose of metronidazole (500 mg orally) for 7 days.
