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anatomy 3 > w 6 and w 7 > Flashcards

w 6 and w 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what movements rely on an upper and motor neuron?

A

voluntary

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2
Q

which motor pathway controls voluntary movement?

A

pyramidal (direct)

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3
Q

which motor pathway controls involuntary movement?

A

extrapyramidal (indirect)

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4
Q

how many neurons are involved in the voluntary movement of skeletal muscle?

A

2 UMN and LMN

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5
Q

how many tracts are involved in voluntary motor control?

A

2 anterior and lateral tracts

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6
Q

where does the UMN in corticospinal tract originate?

A

cerebral cortex

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7
Q

what does the corticospinal tract provide?

A

voluntary motor function

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8
Q

what are the three main locations axons leave the cortex in the corticospinal tract?

A

premotor cortex
primary motor cortex
supplementary motor cortex
(some leave sensory cortex)

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9
Q

where does the corticospinal tract travel through after cortex?

A

corona radiata - cerebral white mater
then decends through internal capsule (posterior limb)
then through cerebral crus
then brain stem into spinal cord

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10
Q

where do the majority of sorticospinal fibres cross to form lateral tract?

A

medulla

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11
Q

what forms the lateral tract of corticospinal pathway?

A

crossing of fibres at pyramids in medulla

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12
Q

what forms the anterior tract of corticospinal pathway?

A

the uncrossed fibres

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13
Q

where does the UMN of corticospinal tract synapse with the LMN?

A

ventral horn of spinal cord

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14
Q

where does crossing of the lateral corticospinal tract take place?

A

medulla

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15
Q

where does crossing of anterior corticospinal tract take place?

A

spinal cord

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16
Q

A lesion affecting corticospinal fibres in the left side of the ventral pons impairs voluntary movement of the arm and the leg on which side?

A

RIGHT SIDE (contralateral) Hemiplegia or Paresis

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17
Q

A lesion affecting the cervical spinal cord on the left side impairs voluntary movement of the limbs on which side?

A

LEFT SIDE (ipsilateral) Hemiplegia or Paresis

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18
Q

give an example of an UMN lesion of cortico spinal tract

A

stroke

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19
Q

signs of stroke

A

spastic paralysis
no muscle atrophy
hyperflexia
hypertonia

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20
Q

give an example of a LMN lesion of corticospinal tract

A

trauma or poliomyelitis

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21
Q

what are signs of LMN lesion

A

flaccid paralysis
significant muscle atrophy
hyporeflexia
hypotonia

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22
Q

what supplies sensory innervation to the face?

A

CNV
great auricular from C2-C3 supplies angle of mandible

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23
Q

what branch of trigeminal supplies sensory innervation to the auriculotemporal area?

A

CNV3

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24
Q

what nerves supply the scalp?

A

C2 and C3

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25
Q

what nerve does C2 alone give rise to?

A

great ocipital

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26
Q

what nerve does C3 alone give rise to?

A

third occipital

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27
Q

what nerve does C2 and C3 give rise to?

A

great auricular and lesser occipital

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28
Q

where does CNV1 exit the cranium?

A

superior orbital fissre

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29
Q

where does CNV2 leave the cranium?

A

exits cranium through foramen rotundum

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30
Q

where does CNV3 exit the cranium?

A

foramen ovale

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31
Q

how are muscles of facial expression arranged?

A

sphincters or dilators around facial orifices

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32
Q

what innervates the buccinator?

A

facial nerve - buccal branch

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33
Q

what innervates orbicularis oris?

A

facial nerve - buccal branch and marginal mandibular branch

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34
Q

what innervates orbicularis oculi?

A

facial nerve -zygomatic branch and temporal branch

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35
Q

what innervates occipitofrontalis frontal head?

A

facial nerve - temporal branch

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36
Q

what innervates platysma?

A

facial nerve - cervical branch

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37
Q

where does the facial nerve enter and exit the skull?

A

enters via internal acoustic meatus and exits via stylomastoid foramen

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38
Q

what two branches are given off when the facial nerve exits the stylomastoid foramen?

A

posterior auricular and digastric nerve

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39
Q

what does the digastric nerve innervate?

A

posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid muscle

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40
Q

after giving off the posterior auricular and digastric nerve, where does the facial nerve travel?

A

into the parotid gland where 5 terminal branches arise

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41
Q

where are the muscles of facial expression derived from?

A

2nd pharyngeal arch

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42
Q

what are muscles of facial expression innervated by?

A

facial nerve

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43
Q

where is the facial nerve derived from embryologically?

A

2nd pharyngeal arch

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44
Q

what innervates the occipital belly of occipitofrontalis?

A

Facial nerve - posterior auricular nerve

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45
Q

what is the function of occipitofrontalis?

A

occipital belly retracts scalp
frontal belly protracts scalp
wrinkle forehead and raise eyebrows

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46
Q

where does the occipital belly of occipitofrontalis insert into / where does the frontal belly originate?

A

epicranial aponeurosis

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47
Q

what are the two parts of orbicularis oculi?

A

orbital and palpebral

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48
Q

what is the function of palpebral part?

A

close eyelids gently - involuntary blinking

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49
Q

what is the function of orbital part?

A

close eyelids tightly - voluntary

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50
Q

what is the first of the three sphincters associated with alimentary system?

A

orbicularis oris

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51
Q

where does the orbicularis oris originate and insert?

A

maxilla, medial mandible, buccinator and other surrounding muscles
mucous membrane of lips

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52
Q

what is the function of orbicularis oris?

A

close lips
protrude lips
keep food bolus on occlusal surface
speaking

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53
Q

what is the function of the buccinator?

A

keep food bolus on occlusal surfaces of teeth
smiling

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54
Q

where does buccinator originate and insert?

A

pterygomandibular raphe, posterior alveolar process of maxilla and mandible
inserts into fibres of orbicularis oris

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55
Q

what pierces the buccinator and buccal fat pad?

A

parotid duct

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56
Q

why is the buccal fat pad larger in infants?

A

to reinforce and support cheeks during feeding

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57
Q

what is the function of platysma?

A

tense skin of inferior face and neck and depress mandible

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58
Q

what is the function of levator/depressor anguli oris?

A

lift/depress corners of mouth

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59
Q

what is the function of zygomaticus major?

A

lift corners of mouth to smile
unilateral to sneer

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60
Q

what is the function of depressor labi oris?

A

express sadness
pout

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61
Q

what is the function of levator labi oris?

A

elevate and/or evert upper lip

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62
Q

what is the function of zygomaticus minor?

A

work with levator labi superioris to elevate and evert upper lip

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63
Q

what is the function of mentalis muscle?

A

elevates skin of chin
elevates and protrudes lower lip

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64
Q

what is the function of levator labi superioris aleque nasi?

A

flaring of nostrils

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65
Q

what is the transverse part of nasalis called?

A

procerus

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66
Q

what is the function of procerus of nasalis?

A

wrinkles skin over nose

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67
Q

what are the two parts of nasalis?

A

procerus
alar

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68
Q

what is the function of the alar part of nasalis?

A

act with levator labi superioris alaeque nasi to depress ala
elevate upper lip

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69
Q

what blood vessels supply the face?

A

majority of blood supply from external carotid artery - facial, maxillary and superficial temporal branches

a little from internal carotid - Opthalmic branch

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70
Q

what does the facial artery cross?

A

mandible, buccinator and maxilla

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71
Q

where does the opthalmic artery come from?

A

internal carotid

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72
Q

what artery is the mental artery a branch of?

A

maxillary branch artery of external carotid

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73
Q

where on the face can you take a pulse?

A

facial artery at inf. border of mandible
transverse facial artery just anterior to auricle

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74
Q

describe the venous drainage pf the face

A

most of the face is drained by the facial vein which runs alongside the facial artery
part of the upper face is drained into transverse facial vein
veins of the face ultimately drain into the internal jugular vein

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75
Q

what vein does the facial vein communicate with at the medial corner of the eye?

A

superior ophthalmic vein

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76
Q

where does the superior ophthalmic vein drain to?

A

cavernous sinus

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77
Q

what vessels join to make the retromandibular vein?

A

superficial temporal and maxillary vein

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78
Q

the sperficial temporal vein joins with the maxillary vein to form what?

A

retromandibular vein

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79
Q

which major salivary gland does the retromandibular vein run in?

A

parotid

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80
Q

what does the a terior branch o retromandibular vein unite with?

A

facial vein

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81
Q

what does the posterior branch of retromandibular vein give rise to?

A

external jugular vein when it joins the posterior auricular vein

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82
Q

where does the external jugular vein drain into?

A

subclavian vein

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83
Q

what muscle does the EJV cross?

A

SCM

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84
Q

how can skin infections spread intracranially?

A

facial veins and veins of pterygoid plexus in the danger triangle of the face drain to the cavernous sinus
cavernous sinus lies lateral to pituitary
skin infections of face can spread into cavernous sinus and pathogens multiply leading to a cavernous sinus thrombosis or infection spreading to cranial meninges and intracranially

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85
Q

what causes a cavernous sinus thrombosis?

A

skin infections
facial veins and veins of pterygoid plexus in the danger triangle of the face drain to the cavernous sinus
skin infections of face can spread into cavernous sinus and pathogens multiply leading to a cavernous sinus thrombosis

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86
Q

why are does facial inflammation cause considerable swelling?

A

due to there being no deep fascia and the subcutaneous tissue is loose connective meaning fluid and blood can accumulate

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87
Q

what nerve supplies muscles of the ear?

A

CNVII

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88
Q

what blood vessels supply and drain the ear?

A

external carotid via posterior auricular and superficial temporal arteries
drains to external jugular vein

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89
Q

describe the lymphatic drainage of the ear

A

to parotid and ,mastoid lymph nodes and then to deep cervical nodes

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90
Q

describe the lymphatic drainage of the ear

A

to parotid and mastoid lymph nodes and then to deep cervical nodes

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91
Q

what are the layers of the eyelid?

A

skin
connective tissue
conjunctiva
muscle - orbicularis oculi
tarsus
orbital septum

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92
Q

what is a risk of there being loose connective tissue in the eyelid?

A

fluid accumulation from scalp post injury

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93
Q

what is the function of the eyelid?

A

protection - injury and light
spread lacrimal fluid

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94
Q

at is the name of the transparent mucous membrane covering the eyelid internally?

A

conjunctiva

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95
Q

what is the palpebral fissure?

A

space between eyelids

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96
Q

what are the tarsi of the eyelid?

A

dense bands of connective tissue that provide a sort of skeleton for eyelid

97
Q

what forms the anterior border of orbit and is continuous with periosteum?

A

orbital septum

98
Q

what nerves supply sensory innervation to the eyelids?

A

CNV1 and CNV2

99
Q

what blood vessels supply the eyelids?

A

external carotid artery - facial, transverse facial and superficial temporal
internal carotid artery - supratrochlear, supraorbital, lacrimal

100
Q

what lymph nodes drain the eyelids?

A

parotid

101
Q

describe the parotid secretion

A

serous

102
Q

what is the largest salivary gland?

A

parotid

103
Q

what encloses the paroid gland?

A

parotid sheath

104
Q

where is the parotid sheath derived frm?

A

investing layer f deep cervical fascia

105
Q

what lies between the lobes of the parotid gland to accomodate movement of the mandible?

A

fatty tissue

106
Q

what structures are found within the parotid gland?

A

retromandibular vein
External carotid artery
CNVII - does not innervate parotid though

107
Q

what blood vessels supply and drain parotid?

A

supply - external carotid A - post auricular, maxillary and superficial temporal branches
drain - retromandibular vein - formed when superficial temporal and maxillary veins unite

108
Q

where do retromandibular veins drain to?

A

anterior retromandibular vein drains to internal JV
posterior retromandibular vein drains into external jugular vein

109
Q

what branches does the external carotid give off in the parotid gland?

A

posterior auricular artery
2 terminal branches - superficial temporal and maxillary arteries

110
Q

describe parasympathetic (secretomotor) innervation of parotid gland

A

preganglionic - glossopharyngeal
synapse on otic ganglion
postganglionic - auriculotemporal from trigeminal CNV3

111
Q

what is the effect of sympathetic innervation to parotid gland?

A

vasoconstriction and reduction in saliva volume

112
Q

describe sympathetic innervation of parotid

A

superior cervical ganglion and nerve plexus on external carotid

113
Q

where is the intra temporal portion of the facial nerve?

A

from where it exits pons to where it exits skull

114
Q

CNVII exits pons as which two roots?

A

motor
intermediate nerve (sensory and parasympathetic)

115
Q

where does the facial nerve enter the cranium?

A

internal acoustic meatus and then facial canal

116
Q

what forms the geniculate ganglion and where?

A

the two roots of facial nerve fuse and enlarge in the facial canal to become the geniculate ganglion

117
Q

what nerve branches off the facial nerve in facial canal at geniculate ganglion?

A

greater petrosal nerve

118
Q

what does the greater petrosal nerve supply?

A

parasympathetic innervation to nasal and lacrimal glands

119
Q

what nerves does the facial nerve give rise to before exiting the skull through stylomastoid foramen?

A

nerve to stapedius
chorda tympani

120
Q

where does the facial nerve exit the skull?

A

stylomastoid foramen

121
Q

what nerve does chorda tympani hitchhike with to supply?

A

hitchhikes with lingual nerve to supply taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue

122
Q

what does nerve to stapedius supply?

A

motor to stapedius muscles of middle ear

123
Q

define the extratemporal part of facial nerve

A

portion where nerve exits skull at stylomastoid foramen

124
Q

what branches are given off at the beginning of the extratemporal part of facial nerve before it enters the parotid?

A

posterior auricular
digastric

125
Q

what is formed by the facial nerve within the parotid gland?

A

parotid plexus giving rise to the 5 terminal branches of CNVII

126
Q

what are the 5 terminal branches of facial nerve?

A

temporal
zygomatic
buccal
marginal mandibular
cervical

127
Q

name one thing temporal branch of facial nerve supplies

A

superior orbicularis occuli

128
Q

name one thing zygomatic branch of facial nerve supplies

A

inferior orbicularis occuli

129
Q

name one thing buccal branch of facial nerve supplies

A

buccinator

130
Q

name one thing marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve supplies

A

risorius and muscles of lower lip and chin e.g. mentalis, depressor labi oris

131
Q

name one thing cervical branch of facial nerve supplies

A

platysma

132
Q

what is a complication of a parotidectomy?

A

facial paralysis - muscles affected depends on which branch is damaged

133
Q

what is the most common type of facial paralysis?

A

bells palsy

134
Q

what is most commonly paralyzed in bells palsy?

A

upper and lower unilateral face

135
Q

why must you protect the eye of a bells palsy patient?

A

blinking reflex is lost

136
Q

what causes bells palsy?

A

no obvious cause

137
Q

what is static reconstruction and when will static reconstruction be considered for facial palsy patients?

A

creates a sling using muscle from elsewhere in body to create facial symmetry at rest
after 2 years of paralysis with no improvement - reconstruction of face is considered

138
Q

a tumour of the parotid gland will affect which nerve?

A

facial

139
Q

how do you treat a parotid tumour?

A

parotidectomy

140
Q

what nerve can be used as a nerve graft for the facial nerve?

A

great auricular nerve can be used as a nerve graft when the facial nerve has been or is predicted to be damaged

141
Q

what condition is associated with swelling of the parotid gland?

A

Mumps

142
Q

what are symptoms of mumps?

A

fever
headache
joint pain
swelling of parotid gland

143
Q

what causes mumps?

A

viral infection

144
Q

why is swelling of the parotid so painful?

A

parotid gland is contained within fibrous capsule

145
Q

where do two parts of the mandible fuse after development?

A

mandibular symphysis

146
Q

where is the linguala?

A

edge of mandibular foramen and mylohyoid groove

147
Q

what is a clinical relevence of the mylohyoid line?

A

for dentures - has to stop short of mylohyoid line or will lift when mylohyoid contracts speaking

provides a boundary between OC and neck
infections of lower teeth can spread below mylohyoid line into sub mandibular region causing Ludwig angina

148
Q

what mandible landmarks are important in denture design?

A

mylohyoid line - mylohyoid lifts denture when contracts
oblique line - buccinator interferes with denture

149
Q

what passes through the mylohyoid groove?

A

nerve to mylohyoid

150
Q

what does the nerve to mylohyoid supply?

A

mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric

151
Q

where does the mandible articulate with the skull?

A

mandibular fossa of temporal bone

152
Q

what type of joint is the TMJ?

A

modified hinge synovial joint

153
Q

what type f cartilage covers the articular surfaces of TMJ?

A

fibrocartilage

154
Q

what separates the TMJ into superior and inferior articular cavities?

A

articular disc

155
Q

what is the most common dislocation of TMJ?

A

anterior as it is more strengthened posterior

156
Q

which two bones articulate to form TMJ?

A

mandibular fossa of temporal bone and condyler process of mandible

157
Q

what are the three ligaments of the TMJ?

A

stylomandibular
sphenomandibular
lateral

158
Q

what are the extrinsic ligaments of TMJ?

A

stylomandibular
sphenomandibular

159
Q

what is the intrinsic ligament of tmj?

A

lateral

160
Q

what are the 5 movements of the mandible?

A

protrusion, retraction, elevation, depression and lateral

161
Q

which movements occur in superior cavity of TMJ?

A

protrusion and retraction

162
Q

which movements occur in inferior cavity of TMJ?

A

depression and elevation

163
Q

when is TMJ most unstable?

A

during depression

164
Q

what muscle is associated with anterior TMJ dislocation?

A

excessive contraction of lateral pterygoid

165
Q

when might anterior dislocation of jaw occur?

A

yawning
blow to chin when mouth open

166
Q

what tubercle resists posterior dislocation of mandible?

A

postglenoid tubercle alongside lateral ligament

167
Q

what are the main muscles that move mandible?

A

MOM
temporalis
pterygoin
masseter

168
Q

what muscle retrudes mandible?

A

twmporalis

169
Q

what muscle protrudes mandible mainly?

A

lateral pterygoid

170
Q

what pharyngeal arch are the muscles of mastication derived from?

A

1st pharyngeal arch

171
Q

what supplies the muscles of mastication?

A

mandibular division of trigeminal

172
Q

where does temporalis originate sand insert?

A

temporal fossa and fascia
inserts into coronoid process and anterior border of ramus

173
Q

what is the function of temporalis?

A

retracts and elevates mandible

174
Q

what innervates temporalis?

A

deep temporal nerves of CNV mandibular division

175
Q

what innervates the masseter?

A

massentric nerve from CNV mandibular division

176
Q

what is the function of masseter?

A

elevates mandible

177
Q

where does the masseter originate and insert?

A

zygomatic bone
and zygomatic arch

inserts into angle and lateral ramus of mandible

178
Q

where does the upper head of lateral pterygoid originate?

A

infratemporal surface of greater wing of sphenoid

179
Q

where does the lower head of lateral pterygoid originate?

A

lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid

180
Q

where does the lateral pterygoid insert?

A

superior head - articular disc of TMJ
inferior head - pterygoid fovea on neck of condyle

181
Q

what is the function of lateral pterygoid?

A

bilateral - protrude and depress
lateral movements when acting unilaterally

182
Q

what is the function of medial pterygoid?

A

elevation and assist lateral movements

183
Q

where does the medial pterygoid originate and insert?

A

origin -
deep head - medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate
superficial - maxillary tuborisity
inserts - medial of ramus and angle of mandible

184
Q

what can cause trismus?

A

needle pierces medial pterygoid during LA and it contracts reflexively and closes mouth

185
Q

what are the superior and posterior borders of infratemporal fossa?

A

superior and inferior temporal lines

186
Q

what is the anterior border of the temporal fossa?

A

frontal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of frontal bone

187
Q

what is the inferior border of temporal fossa?

A

infratemporal crest deep to zygomatic arch

188
Q

what forms the floor of temporal fossa?

A

frontal, parietal, temporal and greater wing of sphenoid including pterion

189
Q

what forms the roof of temporal fossa?

A

temporal fascia

190
Q

what is lateral the border of the infra temporal fossa?

A

ramus of mandible

191
Q

what is the medial border of the infra temporal fossa?

A

lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone

192
Q

what is the anterior border of the infra temporal fossa?

A

posterior aspect of maxilla

193
Q

what is the posterior border of the infra temporal fossa?

A

tympanic plate, mastoid and styloid processes

194
Q

what is the superior border of the infra temporal fossa?

A

infratemporal crest of sphenoid

195
Q

what is the inferior border of the infra temporal fossa?

A

angle of mandible

196
Q

what muscles are found in infratemporal fossa?

A

medial pterygoid
temporalis
lateral pterygoid

197
Q

what blood vessels are found in the infratemporal fossa?

A

maxillary artery
pterygoid venous plexus

198
Q

what nerves are found in infratemporal fossa?

A

mandibular
IAN
lingual
buccal
chorda tympani
otic ganglion

199
Q

where does the mandibular division of CNV arise and exit the skull?

A

arises from trigeminal ganglion in middle cranial fossa - motor root
exits via foramen ovale

200
Q

what are the branches of CNV3?

A

IAN
lingual nerve
buccal nerve
auriculotemporal nerve

201
Q

what nerve travels with superficial temporal artery?

A

auriculotemporal nerve

202
Q

where does otic ganglion receive most presynaptic parasympathetic fibres from?

A

glosspharyngeal

203
Q

what artery does the auriculotemporal nerve encircle when branching from otic ganglion?

A

middle meningeal

204
Q

what does auriculotemporal nerve supply?

A

sensory - auricle and temporal region
secretomotor - parotid gland postsynaptic parasymp.

205
Q

where is the pterygoid venoud plexus located?

A

infratemporal fossa between temporalis and pterygoid muscles

206
Q

what artery is pterygoid venous plexus the venous equivalent of?

A

maxillary artery

207
Q

what other veins does the pterygoid plexus anastemose with?

A

facial vein via deep facial vein
cavernous sinus via emissary veins

208
Q

what does IAN supply?

A

mandibular teeth on is side

209
Q

what does mental nerve supply?

A

skin and mucous membrane of lower lip and chin and gingivae of mandibular incisor teeth

210
Q

what does lingual nerve supply?

A

sensory to anterior 2/3 of tongue
lingual gingivae and FOM

211
Q

what joins lingual nerve within infratemporal fossa?

A

chorda tympani

212
Q

what is the larger terminal branch of ECA?

A

maxillary

213
Q

what decides the division of the maxillary artery in 3 parts?

A

lateral pterygoid

214
Q

what are the 3 parts of the maxillary artery?

A

mandibular
pterygoid
pterygopalatine

215
Q

how many branches does the maxillary artery have?

A

15

216
Q

name 6 branches of maxillary artery are important to us

A

inferior alveolar artery
middle meningeal artery
masseteric artery
anterior and posterior deep temporal
buccal
superior alveolar

217
Q

what part of maxillary artery does middle meningeal artery branch and where does it supply?

A

mandibular/1st partsuppliesdura mater

218
Q

where does middle meningeal artery enter cranial cavity?

A

foramen spinosum

219
Q

which artery passes through a split in the auriculotemporal nerve?

A

middle meningeal

220
Q

what part of maxillary artery does inferior alveolar artery branch and where does it supply?

A

1st/mandibular part
supplies mandibular teeth of that side

221
Q

what part of maxillary artery does masseteric artery branch and where does it supply?

A

2nd/pterygoid part
masseter muscle

222
Q

what part of maxillary artery do superior and inferior deep temporal arteries branch and what do they supply?

A

pterygoid part
temporalis muscle

223
Q

what part of maxillary artery does buccal artery branch and where does it supply?

A

pterygoid/2nd part
buccinator and buccal oral mucosa

224
Q

what part of maxillary artery does posterior superior alveolar artery branch and where does it supply?

A

3rd part/pterygopalatine
maxillary teeth and adjacent mucosa and gingivae

225
Q

how many neurons are involved in corticobulbar tract?

A

2 UMN and LMN

226
Q

where does the UMN originate in corticobulbar tract?

A

primary motor cortex

227
Q

where does the corticobulbar pass through in the internal capsule?

A

genu

228
Q

where do the corticobulbar tracts and corticospinal tracts pass through the internal capsule?

A

corticobulbar - genu
corticospinal - posterior limb

229
Q

what kind of fibre is the UMN in corticobulbar pathway?

A

supranuclear

230
Q

each upper motor neuron connects bilatteraly to a cranial nuclei except fr 2. What are the exceptions?

A

facial nerve CNVII - facial expression
hypoglossal nerve CNXII - tongue

231
Q

what is the LMN in corticobulbar pathway?

A

a cranial nerve

232
Q

what function will cranial nerve bodies innervated by an UMN have?

A

motor

233
Q

what is caused by a lesion to a cranial nerve UMN and causes a mild weakness in muscles?

A

pseudobulbar palsy

234
Q

what happens when there is a facial nerve UMN lesion?

A

contralateral lower facial paralysis with sparing of contralateral upper face

235
Q

what happens when there is a facial nerve LMN lesion?

A

all facial muscles paralysed on ipsilateral side

236
Q

hypoglossal nerve supplies motor to all but one tongue muscle, which?

A

palatoglossus - innervated by vagus

237
Q

what happens when there is an UMN lesion of hypoglossal nerve?

A

deviation of tongue to contralateral side

238
Q

what happens when there is a LMN lesion of hypoglossal nerve?

A

deviation of tongue to ipsilateral side

239
Q

which cranial nerve has a LMN innervating contra lateral side?

A

trochlear

anatomy 3 (3 decks)

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