VTNE Review Flashcards
Feature of the capillary technique in a FNA Bx
Cells are forced into the hub of the needle from the pressure of the puncture
Not commonly measured in a liver function test
Urea
Disinfectant that is least damaging to stainless steel
Alcohol
Purpose of the aluminum filter in an x-ray machine
Remove longer wavelength x-rays from the x-ray beam
False statement regarding canine aggression
Cannot be cured by performing Sx
Avg moisture content of canned pet food
72% - 82%
Preferable site of blood collection in birds
R jug, brachioulnar, and medial tibiotarsal
Pale pink MM in a horse during Sx suggests
Fever, blood loss, anemia
Most difficult animal to intubate (adult)
pig
Common sign of acetometaphine toxicity
Methemoglobenemia
Infections with Histoplasma or Balantidium organisms are commonly identified by which kind of testing
Rectal mucosal scraping
Baermann testing is best for diagnosing
Lungworm larvae
Surgeon removed sample from external lesion for multiple imprint analysis. Which is the best way to prep cytology sample for examination
Tzanck method
Description of the lipid envelope surrounding a virus
The freezing/thawing process will render enveloped virus inert
Factor mAs mostly affects which component
Density
Purpose of time-gain compensation (TGC).
Adjust brightness of image
How soon after birth should a foal be standing/suckling?
Within the first 3 hours
When is a puppy first able to adapt to a exploring a new environment?
10-12 weeks
What feeding method is best for large-breed puppies
Food-restricted meal feeding
Preferred site for IM inj in a lizard
Front leg
Which drug therapy should be avoided during corticosteroid therapy.
Etodolac (NSAID)
A dog’s mandible is wider than the maxilla in the area of the premolars. How is this condition described?
Caudal crossbite
Ethylene glycol toxicity
A blood sample to test for ethylene glycol should be obtained before administering Diazepam in patients with seizure activity.
Microscopic examination of a skin scraping sample shows the presence of infectious gram-positive cocci within a group of phagocytis cells. Which must be the infectious agent?
Staphylococcus spp.
In which species do the placentae allow 100% of the maternal IgG antibody to cross, protecting the fetus from systemic infection?
Primates and humans
The use of what on a contaminated open wound may result in the formation of coagulum
Alcohol
In what species does he maintenance of pregnancy dependent on luteal progesterone?
Goat
Signs of lead toxicity in birds
Lethargy, depression, green diarrhea, and paresis
Which agent is used to Dx and Tx myasthenia?
Edrophonium and pyridostigmine
How does a systemic acid antacid such as cimetidine act on the stomach?
Prevents the production of hydrochloric acid
What condition calls for periocardiocentesis?
Cardiac tamponade
Which teardrop-shaped, paired intracellular parasite is a piroplasmid protozoan of mammals, fish, and reptiles?
Babesia spp.
Common name for Toxascaris leonine?
Roundworm
Simonsiella spp is
Normal oral flora
Which pair of electrolytes have an inverse relationship (one is neg and one is pos charged)
Calcium and Phosphorus
Viral samples should
Survive up to 3 weeks without refrigeration.
How can radiographic detail or definition be increased on an image?
Increase source-image distance
In US, which term describes an error where the majority of the US beam is reflected or absorbed at the interface and no sound wave penetrates into the deeper tissues?
Shadowing
What time frame is the most critical for kittens to socialize with humans?
2-3 weeks of age
Pigs are not usually fed what?
Diets high in nonprotein nitrogen (NPN)
The normal GI flora of psittacine includes what?
Mostly gram-positive bacteria
The normal GI flora of psittacine includes what?
Mostly gram-positive bacteria
Which can cause hypoxemia when using N2O in GA?
Decreased inspired O2 concentration
What best described the goal of antimicrobial therapy?
Kill/inhibit microorganisms in the host without killing the host.
Which vein is most commonly used in small ruminants for IVCs?
Jugular
Which is the most common type of oral tumor in dogs?
Melanoma
Which drug (given IV) can increased heart rate and force of contrations?
Epinephrine
Which skin infection can be diagnosed by intradermal skin testing?
Mycobacterium spp.
Under a microscope a technician sees a collection of WBCs with variable nuclear shapes, diffuse chromatin, and blue-gray cytoplasm, some with vacuoles. Which type of cell is the technician seeing?
Monocytes
What description best fits the nature of a virus?
Obligate intracellular parasites
Why is a second vaccine administered to elicit a secondary immune response in a patient?
To results in a stronger, faster immunity by causing a secondary immune response
How is a lead shank useful when working with a horse?
Lifting up the horse’s leg
Which type of disinfectants has sporicidal activity?
Aldehydes
What term describes the process of one gene’s alleles nidifying or preventing the expression of other genes?
Epistasis
How mangy gallons of water does a lactating cow require to produce 1 gallon (3.8L) of milk?
3-5 gallons (11.4-18.9 L)
Which set of bones comprises the avian pectoral girdle?
Clavicle, coracoid, and scapula
Potomac horse fever is transmitted by which of the following?
Mosquitos
What is the best description of Taenia spp.?
Dark brown and nearly spherical with striations evident.
Definition of a latent infection
Often dormant until the host is stressed
Which part of the x-ray machine contains a major kV selector and a minor kV selector?
Autotransformer
A mechanical transducer consists of one or more crystals mechanically moved to produce what type of image?
Pie shaped
Which disease is most associated with vitamin E & selenium deficiency?
White muscle disease
You have 4 antiemetics to chose from: which should NOT be used for a patient vomiting because of a vestibular disturbance?.
Aminopentamide
Which type of surgical masks allows the least amount of air to escape?
Flat pleated
In a non-intubated dog with an orogastric tube being placed, how do you indicate it is in the proper place?
Palpating “two” tubes in the neck region (one is trachea and one is tube)
Which of the following is transmitted to horses by mosquitos?
Equine encephalomyelitis
In bovine anesthesia, which step will assist in the prevention of bloat?
Ensure nose is parallel to table surface
UO feline patient has arrhythmias and hyperkalemia, which IV drugs can help resolve arrhythmia?
Calcium gluconate
Which pairing identified the structure containing the receptors for hearing and where that structure if found?
Organ of Corti, inner ear
What genetically causes type I atopy?
Overproduction of IgE antibodies
Which disinfectant is inactivated by organic debris?
Chlorine
As the contrast of the radiograph decreased, what results?
Grayer radiograph with many steps but fewer differences in each step
What term describes a structure that permits the majority of the sound to pass through to deeper regions, with only a few echoes being reflected back?
Sonolucent
What is meant by the term “autotomy”? in exotic medicine?
Ability of a lizard to shed its tail when captured
What is NOT a duty of a sterile assistant?
Retrieve instruments from across the sterile field
What is a core equine vaccine?
Equine encephalomyelitis (along with Tetanus & Rabies)
What is paradoxical respiration?
Lack of synchronous movement of abdominal wall and chest wall
What is the correct term for a condensed neutrophil nucleus?
Pyknosis
What best describes a mesothelial cell?
Cytoplasm is slightly basophilic and may contain phagocytic debris
What method is best to use when moving a pig from one place to another?
Use a hurdle or plastic pipe
What type of disinfectant is effective against prions such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?
No disinfectant is effective
In US of bladder, part of beam falls outside of the bladder and echoes, resulting in part of the beam being erroneously placed within the structure, creating echoes on the image that mimic sediment. What describes this artifact?
Slice thickness artifact
Percentage of weight loss per week for an obese cat per week (based on total obese body weight)?
0.5%
What is a reptile’s “spectacle”?
Sheddable eyelid
IN large animals, which blade side is usually used with a no. 4 Bard-Parker scalpel handel?
20
Best IM inj site on a pig
Dorsolateral neck
Antidote for organophosphate toxicity
2-PAM (pralidoxime)
A lactose-fermenting bacterial colony is what color on MacConkey agar?
Purple
Max amount of time for using a hog snare to handle a pig?
15-20 min
What occurs with an increase object-receptor distance?
Less sharp image that is larger
In US, which organ is most echogenic?
Spleen
What describes a gene that has been altered by the addition of exogenous DNA
Transgenic strain
Which of the following controls a turtle’s respiration?
Alternating body cavity pressure during locomotion and pharyngeal pumping
Which are the most commonly occurring electrolyte imbalances associated with Addison’s disease?
Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia
Term for variation in erythrocyte size
Anisocytosis
What is the function of trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI)?
Highly specific assay for canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
What rule apples to proper nomenclature for a viral genus?
End in -virus
Which radiography error is more likely to cause a white or clear mark than a black mark on a film radiographic image?
Debris on the cassette
What is attenuation on US
Loss of intensity of the US beam as it travels both into and out of the tissue
What percent of equine parturition results in dystocia?
Less than 1%
Max amount that can be given as an IM inj to a mouse (at a single site)
0.05mL
When performing wound lavage, what is the most effective method of cleaning the wound?
Chlorhex diacetate in a solution spray bottle
Which drug administration route is commonly used during a resuscitation attempt?
Intratracheal
What is the scientific name for swine?
Sus scrofa
What is a prokaryote
A cell that lacks a true membrane bound nucleus and organelles
Spatial resolution
Max achievable spatial res (ability to separate two closely spaced objects) is defined by pixel size and spacing.
Approx spatial res for digital radiography is approx 4 to 5.
Apprx spatial res for film screen radiography is 8 to 9.
Stains used for assessing sperm morphology
Nigrosin and eosin
What is the primary causes for dystocia in mares?
Fetus’s long legs
Type of drug name that represents chemical structure
Generic
In a lab set up with isolators and barrier units with mice that are germ free and have been introduced to one or more known nonpathogenic microorganisms. What term describes these mice?
Axenic
What has the least amount of digestible protein?
Grass hay
Actions of biguanide such as Chlorhex agent
Provides microbial control through inhibition of cell membranes
Reason for vet to NOT compound drug
Decrease therapeutic effect
What is a normal finding in hepatobiliary cytology
Hemosiderin
How is the x-ray beam directed for a lat view of a snake’s GI tract
Horizontal
What is displayed on the horizontal axis of the M-mode US display screen?
Time
Which disease can dogs often be vaccinated against with a polyvalent vaccine?
Infectious tracheobronchitis
Antimicrobial actions of peracetic acid
Releases O2 in response to cellular debris to kill anaerobes
Normal % fat in bone marrow of a young colt
25%
Which method is preferred when tattooing a lab mouse
GA
How long should accelerated hydrogen peroxide be applied to surface before it has sanitized the surface?
30 seconds
What patient situation is a category 3 anesthetic risk for complications?
HM and moderate dehydration
Which mode of action is used by an ethylene oxide sterilization chamber
Alkylation of proteins, DNA, and RNA
What feline disorder has no vaccine?
Feline immunodeficiency virus (lentivirus)
What is a way of measuring protein usability in the body?
BV
Behavior from a chicken that demonstrated pain
Gasping, standing on 1 foot, easy to handle
What is most helpful when trying to identify oocysts of Cryptosporidium?
They can resemble fungal spores
Signal that a cat is anxious
Purr
What disease in bovines has a vaccine that is passed to calf from dam via colostrum
Scours complex
Sorghum is a type of what
Grass
Which microbial agent has the highest level of resistance to microbial control methods?
Prions
In radiography, what effect does higher kV have on the image?
Decreased contrast
What can cause penile trauma during feline mating?
FLUTD
What describes Western blotting?
Particularly helpful in detection of viruses such as FeLV and FIV
How should the transducer be manipulated to obtain a transverse US image of the stomach?
Rotate clockwise and move cranially
What substance in blood can alter the rate and amount of absorption of barbituates?
Protein
What method uses high-freq sound waves passed through a solution to create thousands of bubbles to pull debris from instruments?
Cavitation
In bone marrow, what usually accounts for 80%-90% of the erythroid cells?
Rubricytes and metarubricytes
What mineral deficiency can cause goiter or myxedema?
Iodine
What pair electrolytes has an inverse relationship (one goes up and the other goes down)?
Calcium and phosphorus
By what means does O2 and carbon dioxide enter and exit cells?
Diffusion
The ban on feeding mammalian tissue to ruminants was implemented to eliminate the potential of ruminants acquiring and spreading what disease?
Spongiform encephalopathy
Which organ is most anechoic?
Urinary bladder
What feline behavior expressed offensive aggression?
Rump elevated
What is true of a Bier block?
The LA used with this procedure can only be lidocaine (no epinephrine)
What disorder is caused by an arbovirus infection?
Sleeping sickness
What best describes thermionic emission?
Electrons are boiled off the cathode
What type of surgical scissors has blunt tips with one blade terminating into a thin/curved hook?
Littauer
What is a proteinaceous concentrate fed to ruminants?
Biuret
What type of shampoo is best for treating deep pyodermas?
Benzoyl peroxide 2.5%
What is the preferred Dx type for mouse parvovirus?
PCR using spleen or mesenteric lymph node
What preanesthetic drug will cross the blood brain barrier/placental barrier in pregnant patients, causing more than minimal fetal effect?
Atropine
Appropriate route of administration for techentium-99m for nuclear scintigraphy?
IM
What fatty acid is recommended as additional nutritional supplement to help brain/vision/CNS development in the womb?
Docosahexaenoic acid
Administering a cat epidural: when needle is advanced, the cat’s hind leg twitches. What does this indicate?
The needle does not have to be re-directed, drug may be injected
Main function of Mayo scissors
Cut/dissect dense tissue
Siamese cat- aspirate sample from thoracentesis has increased lymphocytes- what does this suggest?
Neoplasia (lymphosarcoma)
Which disorder is characterized by hypophosphatemia?
Hyperinsulinism
What should be the first layer applied when bandaging an open wound?
Wet-to-dry adherent dressing
Greatest disadvantage of a CRI analgesic drug
Difficulty in dosage calculations
