VTNE Review Flashcards
Feature of the capillary technique in a FNA Bx
Cells are forced into the hub of the needle from the pressure of the puncture
Not commonly measured in a liver function test
Urea
Disinfectant that is least damaging to stainless steel
Alcohol
Purpose of the aluminum filter in an x-ray machine
Remove longer wavelength x-rays from the x-ray beam
False statement regarding canine aggression
Cannot be cured by performing Sx
Avg moisture content of canned pet food
72% - 82%
Preferable site of blood collection in birds
R jug, brachioulnar, and medial tibiotarsal
Pale pink MM in a horse during Sx suggests
Fever, blood loss, anemia
Most difficult animal to intubate (adult)
pig
Common sign of acetometaphine toxicity
Methemoglobenemia
Infections with Histoplasma or Balantidium organisms are commonly identified by which kind of testing
Rectal mucosal scraping
Baermann testing is best for diagnosing
Lungworm larvae
Surgeon removed sample from external lesion for multiple imprint analysis. Which is the best way to prep cytology sample for examination
Tzanck method
Description of the lipid envelope surrounding a virus
The freezing/thawing process will render enveloped virus inert
Factor mAs mostly affects which component
Density
Purpose of time-gain compensation (TGC).
Adjust brightness of image
How soon after birth should a foal be standing/suckling?
Within the first 3 hours
When is a puppy first able to adapt to a exploring a new environment?
10-12 weeks
What feeding method is best for large-breed puppies
Food-restricted meal feeding
Preferred site for IM inj in a lizard
Front leg
Which drug therapy should be avoided during corticosteroid therapy.
Etodolac (NSAID)
A dog’s mandible is wider than the maxilla in the area of the premolars. How is this condition described?
Caudal crossbite
Ethylene glycol toxicity
A blood sample to test for ethylene glycol should be obtained before administering Diazepam in patients with seizure activity.
Microscopic examination of a skin scraping sample shows the presence of infectious gram-positive cocci within a group of phagocytis cells. Which must be the infectious agent?
Staphylococcus spp.
In which species do the placentae allow 100% of the maternal IgG antibody to cross, protecting the fetus from systemic infection?
Primates and humans
The use of what on a contaminated open wound may result in the formation of coagulum
Alcohol
In what species does he maintenance of pregnancy dependent on luteal progesterone?
Goat
Signs of lead toxicity in birds
Lethargy, depression, green diarrhea, and paresis
Which agent is used to Dx and Tx myasthenia?
Edrophonium and pyridostigmine
How does a systemic acid antacid such as cimetidine act on the stomach?
Prevents the production of hydrochloric acid
What condition calls for periocardiocentesis?
Cardiac tamponade
Which teardrop-shaped, paired intracellular parasite is a piroplasmid protozoan of mammals, fish, and reptiles?
Babesia spp.
Common name for Toxascaris leonine?
Roundworm
Simonsiella spp is
Normal oral flora
Which pair of electrolytes have an inverse relationship (one is neg and one is pos charged)
Calcium and Phosphorus
Viral samples should
Survive up to 3 weeks without refrigeration.
How can radiographic detail or definition be increased on an image?
Increase source-image distance
In US, which term describes an error where the majority of the US beam is reflected or absorbed at the interface and no sound wave penetrates into the deeper tissues?
Shadowing
What time frame is the most critical for kittens to socialize with humans?
2-3 weeks of age
Pigs are not usually fed what?
Diets high in nonprotein nitrogen (NPN)
The normal GI flora of psittacine includes what?
Mostly gram-positive bacteria
The normal GI flora of psittacine includes what?
Mostly gram-positive bacteria
Which can cause hypoxemia when using N2O in GA?
Decreased inspired O2 concentration
What best described the goal of antimicrobial therapy?
Kill/inhibit microorganisms in the host without killing the host.
Which vein is most commonly used in small ruminants for IVCs?
Jugular
Which is the most common type of oral tumor in dogs?
Melanoma
Which drug (given IV) can increased heart rate and force of contrations?
Epinephrine
Which skin infection can be diagnosed by intradermal skin testing?
Mycobacterium spp.
Under a microscope a technician sees a collection of WBCs with variable nuclear shapes, diffuse chromatin, and blue-gray cytoplasm, some with vacuoles. Which type of cell is the technician seeing?
Monocytes
What description best fits the nature of a virus?
Obligate intracellular parasites
Why is a second vaccine administered to elicit a secondary immune response in a patient?
To results in a stronger, faster immunity by causing a secondary immune response
How is a lead shank useful when working with a horse?
Lifting up the horse’s leg
Which type of disinfectants has sporicidal activity?
Aldehydes
What term describes the process of one gene’s alleles nidifying or preventing the expression of other genes?
Epistasis
How mangy gallons of water does a lactating cow require to produce 1 gallon (3.8L) of milk?
3-5 gallons (11.4-18.9 L)
Which set of bones comprises the avian pectoral girdle?
Clavicle, coracoid, and scapula
Potomac horse fever is transmitted by which of the following?
Mosquitos
What is the best description of Taenia spp.?
Dark brown and nearly spherical with striations evident.
Definition of a latent infection
Often dormant until the host is stressed
Which part of the x-ray machine contains a major kV selector and a minor kV selector?
Autotransformer
A mechanical transducer consists of one or more crystals mechanically moved to produce what type of image?
Pie shaped
Which disease is most associated with vitamin E & selenium deficiency?
White muscle disease
You have 4 antiemetics to chose from: which should NOT be used for a patient vomiting because of a vestibular disturbance?.
Aminopentamide
Which type of surgical masks allows the least amount of air to escape?
Flat pleated
In a non-intubated dog with an orogastric tube being placed, how do you indicate it is in the proper place?
Palpating “two” tubes in the neck region (one is trachea and one is tube)
Which of the following is transmitted to horses by mosquitos?
Equine encephalomyelitis
In bovine anesthesia, which step will assist in the prevention of bloat?
Ensure nose is parallel to table surface
UO feline patient has arrhythmias and hyperkalemia, which IV drugs can help resolve arrhythmia?
Calcium gluconate
Which pairing identified the structure containing the receptors for hearing and where that structure if found?
Organ of Corti, inner ear
What genetically causes type I atopy?
Overproduction of IgE antibodies
Which disinfectant is inactivated by organic debris?
Chlorine
As the contrast of the radiograph decreased, what results?
Grayer radiograph with many steps but fewer differences in each step
What term describes a structure that permits the majority of the sound to pass through to deeper regions, with only a few echoes being reflected back?
Sonolucent
What is meant by the term “autotomy”? in exotic medicine?
Ability of a lizard to shed its tail when captured
What is NOT a duty of a sterile assistant?
Retrieve instruments from across the sterile field
What is a core equine vaccine?
Equine encephalomyelitis (along with Tetanus & Rabies)
What is paradoxical respiration?
Lack of synchronous movement of abdominal wall and chest wall
What is the correct term for a condensed neutrophil nucleus?
Pyknosis
What best describes a mesothelial cell?
Cytoplasm is slightly basophilic and may contain phagocytic debris
What method is best to use when moving a pig from one place to another?
Use a hurdle or plastic pipe
What type of disinfectant is effective against prions such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?
No disinfectant is effective
In US of bladder, part of beam falls outside of the bladder and echoes, resulting in part of the beam being erroneously placed within the structure, creating echoes on the image that mimic sediment. What describes this artifact?
Slice thickness artifact
Percentage of weight loss per week for an obese cat per week (based on total obese body weight)?
0.5%
What is a reptile’s “spectacle”?
Sheddable eyelid
IN large animals, which blade side is usually used with a no. 4 Bard-Parker scalpel handel?
20
Best IM inj site on a pig
Dorsolateral neck
Antidote for organophosphate toxicity
2-PAM (pralidoxime)
A lactose-fermenting bacterial colony is what color on MacConkey agar?
Purple
Max amount of time for using a hog snare to handle a pig?
15-20 min
What occurs with an increase object-receptor distance?
Less sharp image that is larger
In US, which organ is most echogenic?
Spleen
What describes a gene that has been altered by the addition of exogenous DNA
Transgenic strain
Which of the following controls a turtle’s respiration?
Alternating body cavity pressure during locomotion and pharyngeal pumping
Which are the most commonly occurring electrolyte imbalances associated with Addison’s disease?
Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia
Term for variation in erythrocyte size
Anisocytosis
What is the function of trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI)?
Highly specific assay for canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
What rule apples to proper nomenclature for a viral genus?
End in -virus
Which radiography error is more likely to cause a white or clear mark than a black mark on a film radiographic image?
Debris on the cassette
What is attenuation on US
Loss of intensity of the US beam as it travels both into and out of the tissue
What percent of equine parturition results in dystocia?
Less than 1%
Max amount that can be given as an IM inj to a mouse (at a single site)
0.05mL
When performing wound lavage, what is the most effective method of cleaning the wound?
Chlorhex diacetate in a solution spray bottle
Which drug administration route is commonly used during a resuscitation attempt?
Intratracheal
What is the scientific name for swine?
Sus scrofa
What is a prokaryote
A cell that lacks a true membrane bound nucleus and organelles
Spatial resolution
Max achievable spatial res (ability to separate two closely spaced objects) is defined by pixel size and spacing.
Approx spatial res for digital radiography is approx 4 to 5.
Apprx spatial res for film screen radiography is 8 to 9.
Stains used for assessing sperm morphology
Nigrosin and eosin
What is the primary causes for dystocia in mares?
Fetus’s long legs
Type of drug name that represents chemical structure
Generic
In a lab set up with isolators and barrier units with mice that are germ free and have been introduced to one or more known nonpathogenic microorganisms. What term describes these mice?
Axenic
What has the least amount of digestible protein?
Grass hay
Actions of biguanide such as Chlorhex agent
Provides microbial control through inhibition of cell membranes
Reason for vet to NOT compound drug
Decrease therapeutic effect
What is a normal finding in hepatobiliary cytology
Hemosiderin
How is the x-ray beam directed for a lat view of a snake’s GI tract
Horizontal
What is displayed on the horizontal axis of the M-mode US display screen?
Time
Which disease can dogs often be vaccinated against with a polyvalent vaccine?
Infectious tracheobronchitis
Antimicrobial actions of peracetic acid
Releases O2 in response to cellular debris to kill anaerobes
Normal % fat in bone marrow of a young colt
25%
Which method is preferred when tattooing a lab mouse
GA
How long should accelerated hydrogen peroxide be applied to surface before it has sanitized the surface?
30 seconds
What patient situation is a category 3 anesthetic risk for complications?
HM and moderate dehydration
Which mode of action is used by an ethylene oxide sterilization chamber
Alkylation of proteins, DNA, and RNA
What feline disorder has no vaccine?
Feline immunodeficiency virus (lentivirus)
What is a way of measuring protein usability in the body?
BV
Behavior from a chicken that demonstrated pain
Gasping, standing on 1 foot, easy to handle
What is most helpful when trying to identify oocysts of Cryptosporidium?
They can resemble fungal spores
Signal that a cat is anxious
Purr
What disease in bovines has a vaccine that is passed to calf from dam via colostrum
Scours complex
Sorghum is a type of what
Grass
Which microbial agent has the highest level of resistance to microbial control methods?
Prions
In radiography, what effect does higher kV have on the image?
Decreased contrast
What can cause penile trauma during feline mating?
FLUTD
What describes Western blotting?
Particularly helpful in detection of viruses such as FeLV and FIV
How should the transducer be manipulated to obtain a transverse US image of the stomach?
Rotate clockwise and move cranially
What substance in blood can alter the rate and amount of absorption of barbituates?
Protein
What method uses high-freq sound waves passed through a solution to create thousands of bubbles to pull debris from instruments?
Cavitation
In bone marrow, what usually accounts for 80%-90% of the erythroid cells?
Rubricytes and metarubricytes
What mineral deficiency can cause goiter or myxedema?
Iodine
What pair electrolytes has an inverse relationship (one goes up and the other goes down)?
Calcium and phosphorus
By what means does O2 and carbon dioxide enter and exit cells?
Diffusion
The ban on feeding mammalian tissue to ruminants was implemented to eliminate the potential of ruminants acquiring and spreading what disease?
Spongiform encephalopathy
Which organ is most anechoic?
Urinary bladder
What feline behavior expressed offensive aggression?
Rump elevated
What is true of a Bier block?
The LA used with this procedure can only be lidocaine (no epinephrine)
What disorder is caused by an arbovirus infection?
Sleeping sickness
What best describes thermionic emission?
Electrons are boiled off the cathode
What type of surgical scissors has blunt tips with one blade terminating into a thin/curved hook?
Littauer
What is a proteinaceous concentrate fed to ruminants?
Biuret
What type of shampoo is best for treating deep pyodermas?
Benzoyl peroxide 2.5%
What is the preferred Dx type for mouse parvovirus?
PCR using spleen or mesenteric lymph node
What preanesthetic drug will cross the blood brain barrier/placental barrier in pregnant patients, causing more than minimal fetal effect?
Atropine
Appropriate route of administration for techentium-99m for nuclear scintigraphy?
IM
What fatty acid is recommended as additional nutritional supplement to help brain/vision/CNS development in the womb?
Docosahexaenoic acid
Administering a cat epidural: when needle is advanced, the cat’s hind leg twitches. What does this indicate?
The needle does not have to be re-directed, drug may be injected
Main function of Mayo scissors
Cut/dissect dense tissue
Siamese cat- aspirate sample from thoracentesis has increased lymphocytes- what does this suggest?
Neoplasia (lymphosarcoma)
Which disorder is characterized by hypophosphatemia?
Hyperinsulinism
What should be the first layer applied when bandaging an open wound?
Wet-to-dry adherent dressing
Greatest disadvantage of a CRI analgesic drug
Difficulty in dosage calculations
What disorder manifests with circular/crusty lesions?
Trichophyton spp.
What disease should dogs be tested for prior to breeding to avoid abortion, fetal reabsorption, or infertility?
Brucella canis
Sound-producing organ in birds
Syrinx
In which disorder is the cornea in danger of penetration?
Descemetocele
What is a normal result of aging in the eyes
Nuclear sclerosis
What involved the transcutaneous delivery of medications via direct current using electrostatic repulsion?
Iontophoresis
What infection is marked by both elevated ALT and lymphocyte counts?
Avian flu
In what patient groups are the butyrophenones most commonly used for preanesthesia?
Swine/exotics
An owner trains his dog by continually exposing it to a stimulus; then when a behavior follows, there is no reward, and eventually there is no response on the pet’s part. What kind of behavior modification is this?
Habituation
Pentobarbital sodium is used for what purpose?
Euthanasia
A patient has 2 maxillary incisors that are displaced so that they are lingual to the mandibular incisors. What malocclusion is this?
Rostral crossbite
For what disease are young rams most at risk when housed together and allowed to butt heads?
Blackleg
Most common use of Gigli wire in equine bandaging?
Placed between impervious stockinet and a horse’s cast for ease of removal.
What is the electrically positive portion of the x-ray tube?
Anode
A sample from a thoracic effusion indicated an inflammatory disorder. Which cells are most likely predominant in this sample?
Neutrophils
Cat shows signs of bronchitis (+ blood and mucus detected in the bronchioles). Centrifugal fecal float reveals rough/granular/thick-walled/barrel-shaped/straw-colored eggs with asymmetrical bipolar plugs. What Dx is most likely?
Eucoleus aerophilus
Min preferred sperm motility for breeding
60%
Which tail position most often indicated that a horse is in pain
Straight down
What causes the complication known as :bandage bow” in horses?
Bandage is too tight or too loose
What species does not have a gallbladder?
Rats
Which therapy is controlled by means of a piezoelectric effect on a crystal housed in a transducer head?
Therapeutic US
What opioid is a mixed agonist-antagonist, in that it can block one type of receptor and stimulate another?
Pentazocine
What species’ erythrocytes tend to be more resistant to osmotic pressure changes when the animal consumes large amounts of water?
Camelids
What is a malignant tumor of smooth muscle
Leiomyosarcoma
Which forceps are used for holding a bowel?
Doyen
Which pain and relaxation therapy option can be used both to courage the lungs or to cause muscles to fire/contract for strengthening?
Tapotement
What are clinical signs of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in reptiles?
Problems with laying eggs and tremors
What suction tip is preferred for removing abdominal fluid without being plugged by omentum?
Poole
Most likely cause of physiological thrombocytosis?
Movement of platelets from storage pools (i.e.: spleen) as a result of stress and exercise
Performing an acid-fast stain test: multiple solutions are applied to the slide (directly or as part of the specimen smear). What stain or solution is applied after the slide is heat fixed?
Carbol fuchsin
What is a key difference in avian imaging (as opposed to canine/feline radiography)?
Not measuring the bird
According to the AAFCO guidelines, a pet food’s statement of “complete and balanced” refers to a diet that contained all essential nutrients in concentrations that are proportional to what?
The energy density of the food
Sawhorse stance in sheep and cattle indicated what?
Tetanus
Type of pain treated in myofascial trigger point therapy
Pain of soft tissue origin characterized by a hardened muscle band that is intensely painful on palpation
How is lymphocytosis transmitted among fish in an aquarium?
Infected skin cells rupture and release viral particles into the water
What is a RNA virus of the family paramyxovirus (parainfluenza virus type 1)?
Sendai virus
Russian tissue forceps have
Rounded tips
Transduction phase of nociception is what
Process by which afferent nerve ending translate to noxious stimulus into nociceptive impulses
What role does trypsin place in small intestine?
Aids in digestion of proteins
What is antigenic drift?
A virus mutates so that preexisting antibodies can no longer bind and become useless
What area does the US beam reach its narrowest point?
Focal point
Type of cells most likely to have the highest # of mitochondria
Skeletal muscle
Goal of Salmonella-Shigella agar
Select pathogenic enteric bacteria
Select gram-negative bacteria
Differentiate on the basis of lactose fermentation
Differentiate on the basis of hydrogen sulfide production
Type of disinfectant most toxic to cats
Phenols
How do true ruminants use nonprotein nitrogen (NPN)?
Conversion to protein and energy
What is a congenic strain?
Animals that genetically differ at one particular locus
Normal bovine rumen motility
2-4 contractions per min
Vertebral formula of felines and canines
C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd6-23
Vertebral formula of horses
C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd 16-18
Microscopic exam of skin scrape shows presence of infectious gram-positive cocci within a group of phagocytic cells. What is the infectious agent?
Staphylococcus spp.
Major site of roughage fermentation in horses
Cecum
Strong protective covering of the heart
Pericardium
Which antibody class is produced during the secondary immune response?
IgG
Inappropriate contact bedding for lab animals
Cedar chips
What has valves?
Veins and lymphatic vessels
Epithelial cell tumor that usually exfoliates in clusters of cells
Carcinoma
What caused quantum mottle on a radiographic film image?
Too few photons (reduced mAs) producing the image
Antidote to lead poisoning
Calcium EDTA
NOT represented on ECG
Atrial repolarization
4 primary body tissues
Muscle, nerve, epithelial, connective
Hyaline casts
Cylindrical/clear/colorless/refractive/composed of mucoprotein or plasma protein
Mesenchymal cell tumor that exfoliates as single cells
Sarcoma
Effective monitoring of steam sterilization
Bowie-Dick is a class 2 chemical monitor testing for the presence of air within the chamber
Which animal’s age of puberty is directly related to body weight
Cattle
Rabbit urine is
Cloudy and thick
Dimercaprol (BAL in oil) treats
Arsenic, lead, mercury, or gold toxicity
Contact with this species represents the main way humans are exposed to Lepto
Rats
Stain used to determine presence of nucleated cells, bacteria, fungi, and mast cells
New methelyne blue
What are the steps of the viral replication cycle
Attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, release
Describe autosomal dominance
Dominant alleles transmit disease from one affected individual to 50% of their offspring
Where to give an IM inj to animal entering the food chain
Lat cervical muscles
A multiunit smooth muscle
Arrector muscle of hair
Campylobacter spp can
Be presumptively identified on a gram stain by their shape & they do require a microaerophilic environment to grow
Coombs test is used for
Detecting the presence of antibody against red blood cells to subsequently diagnose IMHA
Two species that benefit from “browse”
Goat and llama
How are horses infected with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis?
Opossum feces
What happens to metabolic waste in plasma during glomerular filtration
Passes into Bowman capsule
Copper toxicity is a serious issue in what two species
Cattle and sheep
The nature of conjugated form of bilirubin
It is found mainly as glucuronic acid
Risk-based vaccine for horses
Botulism
Infection that causes “diamond skin disease”
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
What is the Compton effect
Scattering of radiation that occurs when an incoming photon ejects an outer-shell electron from the atom, causing the photon to lose energy and change direction, often leaving the anatomic part
Function of RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum)
Transport proteins
Intraosseous catheter in a bird should be placed where
Distal ulna
What is the Bruce effect?
When a pregnancy block occurs because a pregnant females mouse if exposed to a strange male within 5 days of copulation.
Hangar-Rose skin test can diagnose
Cat scratch fever
Metabolic crisis characterized by ventroflexion of the neck with a stilted forelimb gait
Hypokalemia
Describe the joint movement of circumduction
The movement of an extremity of one end of a bone in a circular pattern
In what organ are most drugs metabolized (biotransformed)?
Liver
What is the recommended dosage for intratracheal drug administration during cardiac arrest?
Up to ten times the intravenous dose
What is the function of cheek ligaments in horses?
Prevent strain and overextension of the joint
An increased or rising central venous pressure (CVP) is caused by:
Fluid overload
Which of the following molecules is not a lipid?
Ribose
What is a substance that is naturally derived from chili peppers?
Capsaicin
Which of the following statements is correct regarding sedation and anesthesia in the pediatric patient?
Drug doses often need to be reduced because of slow metabolism, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs
What is the formula to calculate minute volume?
Tidal volume multiplied by respiration rate
What causes barotrauma in patients undergoing anesthesia?
Repetitive collapse and re-expansion of normal or diseased lung during positive pressure ventilation.
Excessive peak inspiratory pressure with positive pressure ventilation.
Closed pop-off valve
A sign of chronic pain in a reptile includes:
Immobility
Where is the most likely place for a rumenotomy incision in a dairy cow?
Left paralumbar fossa
How long does it take for a horn to grown down from the coronet to the tip of the toe (on the ground surface) of a horse?
9–12 months
What is a round or spherical shaped bacteria
Coccus
Bovine “lumpy jaw” is caused by
Actinomyces bovis
Which joint allows rotational movement of the head from side to side (from right to left or left to right)?
Atlantoaxial
Gram-negative bacteria produce what
endotoxins
In which species would you find the bursa
Birds (outpocketing of the cloaca)
A cat presents with watery diarrhea. On
Metronidazole (Tx Giardia)
What are the components of a typical X-ray
Cassette front, padding, intensifying screen,
What is the name for the muscle group that
Quadriceps
If you take the total protein measurement
Globulins
Which type of cell should not be found in
Erythrocytes
Which of the following is the most mature
Band
Which of the following is the most mature
Band
When drawing blood for a fructosamine level
Doesn’t matter
Ancylostoma caninum and Cystoisospora are
The parasite does not require an intermediate
What is the common term for Psittacosis
Parrot fever
What does a lysosome do?
Makes enzymes to break up cellular debris
Fructosamine levels are used to evaluate
Diabetes mellitus
Which of the following is another term
Cestode
Which vessel should be avoided when performing
Left jugular vein
What is one way to help determine if a nasogastric
Gently blow air into the tube and listen
Which test would provide the best measure
Bile acids
A young male cat with symptoms of feline
Acidifying diet
Lactose-fermenting bacteria such as Escherichia
Pink or red
A 13-year old diabetic cat arrests during
Sodium bicarbonate
Which of the following is a zoonotic disease?
Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci)
Cardiac Output (CO) is determined by what variables?
Stroke volume x Heart rate
The elbow is extended by which muscle?
Triceps brachium
A patient presents with rodenticide toxicity and is hemorrhaging. The doctor decides the animal needs a transfusion. What blood product is most likely to help stop the patient’s bleeding?
Fresh frozen plasma
Minor cross-match products used for blood products in dogs
Recipient red blood cells, donor plasma
What blood products are used in a minor cross-match
Recipient red blood cells, donor plasma (see if the factors in the plasma of the donor are going to react to the recipient’s red blood cells)
Muscles and ligaments attach to structures on bony surfaces. What is an example of something that is not found in the forelimb?
Trochanter (only located where femur hip and thigh muscles attach)
Are found on forelimb: tuberosity, epicondyle, and spine
Pain known as first pain, because it is often the first pain felt after injury, is often described as sharp and short lived. This pain signal is transmitted by which nociceptor?
A-delta
(The A-delta receptors are activated by thermal or mechanical stimulation and produce short-lived, discriminative, sharp pain. C fibers are associated with a slower burning type of pain. A-beta fibers are responsible for conducting harmless information)
Which suture materials is most likely to cause stitch granulomas if left in too long?
Silk
Which type of uroliths are found in alkaline urine?
Struvite uroliths
A symptom of botulism is:
Dysphagia
The tricuspid valve controls the flow of blood:
Into the right ventricle
When inspecting the mucous membranes during an oral assessment, which of the following should be looked at?
Vesicle formation and ulceration
An example of an irregular bone is:
Cervical vertebra 1
The pygostyle found in birds is located distal to which of the following?
Coccygeal vertebrae
Which of the following are tranquilizers that cause muscle relaxation and might also cause excitation in some young healthy animals?
Benzodiazepines
How do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert their analgesic activity?
Inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX).
Oral hypoglycemic drugs, such as glipizide (Glucotrol), are used to treat:
Non–insulin-dependent diabetes
How many mL will you draw up to administer 25 units of epoetin (2000 U/mL)?
0.01 mL
25 units ÷ 2000 units/mL = 0.01 mL
What are the internal and external structures of the equine hoof?
External structures of the hoof include: frog, sole, bulbs of heel, seat of corn, bars, and coronet of coronary band.
Internal structures of the hoof include: bones, digital cushion, lateral cartilages, and corium.
Which of the following options would not affect a manual WBC count?
Objective lens used
Which white blood cell is known as “the first line of defense” after a microorganism has entered the body?
Neutrophil
Which disease exhibit coughing, fever, and mucopurulent discharge?
Canine distemper
An example of capillary action is
The action of blood filling a hematocrit tube
In what species might dexamethasone administration lead to abortion during the last few weeks of gestation?
Horses and cattle
The majority of the albumen is added to the egg as it travels down which structure in birds?
Magnum
Which classes of drugs would include gabapentin?
Antiepileptics
The pulmonary circulation is under:
Low pressure
(Blood going through the systemic circulation is under higher pressure than blood in the pulmonary circulation. Blood traveling away from the heart is under higher pressure because of the further distance it travels)
If a patient is 5%–6% dehydrated, which characteristics would you expect to see?
Subtle loss of skin elasticity
Lidocaine can be diluted with sodium bicarbonate to decrease pain associated with injection. What should this dilution be (sodium bicarbonate: lidocaine)?
1:09
Where would you find an arrector pili muscle?
Hair follicle
Which disease does an intradermal caudal
Tuberculosis
Streptococcus is gram + or gram -
Gram positive
Sulfasalazine is sometimes used in veterinary
Colitis
Organelles reside in which of the following
Cytoplasm
US probes:
Higher frequency probes have increased image resolution and decreased penetrating ability relative to lower frequency probes
Which organ is responsible for producing cortisol?
Adrenal gland
The term pediculosis indicates a problem with:
Lice
Which disease can cause a severe bradycardia that could be life-threatening?
Addison’s disease ( due to high potassium level AKA hyperkalemia)
Which of these cell types are all typically found in circulation?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
Phenylbutazone (bute) (pain relief in horses) is associated with what adverse effect?
Right dorsal colitis
Dental formula for guinea pigs and chinchillas?
2(I1/1 C0/0 PM1/1 M3/3) = 20
Mannitol Salt Agar, or MSA, selects for
Staphylococcus
Major cross-match
Donor red blood cells, recipient plasma
Fracture types
Fracture types:
Oblique - a fracture which goes at an angle to the axis
Comminuted - a fracture of many relatively small fragments
Spiral - a fracture which runs around the axis of the bone
Compund- a fracture which breaks the skin
Greenstick- a fracture of soft bone where the bone can bend and be partially broken (young animals)
Schiff-Sherrington posture
paralysis of the hindlimbs
Where would you find a Sertoli cell tumor?
Testicle
Impulses are carried away from the neuronal cell body by
Axon
of chambers does the stomach of a llama
3
percentage of body weight should a horse consume in forage (i.e. hay) per day?
2%
Tick that carries Lyme
Ixodes scapularis
Canine permanent teeth with 2 roots
Mandibular premolars 2, 3, and 4, and molar 1
Gram stain causes gram neg bacteria to turn which color
Pink
Differentiate between male and female tortoises
The plastron is concave in males
Swollen glands in neck of guinea pig- what is the cause
Streptococcus zooepidemicus
Fat-soluble vitamins
A, D, E, and K
DN formula for goats (do they have incisors)
No incisors
2 ( I 0/3 C 0/1 P 3/3 M 3/3) = 32
DN formula for goats (do they have incisors)
No incisors
2 ( I 0/3 C 0/1 P 3/3 M 3/3) = 32
Where is the mediastinum located
In the chest
How much urine should a dog produce in one day
Normal urine output for a dog is 1-2 mL per kg per hour
degenerative left shift
More neutrophilic bands than normal neutrophils
Components/settings of x-ray that influence x-ray beam quality
kVp and filtration
Whipworm eggs look like
Oval with bipolar plugs
Ringtail occurs in rats due to
Living in an area where the humidity is too low
In horses, the condition Sweeny is caused by damage to which structure?
Suprascapular nerve
Positive Ortolani sign
indicated hip dysplasia
Ortolani sign: palpable sensation of gliding the femoral
Hormone causes vaginal cells (female K9s) to proliferate and form cornified epithelim
Estrogen
How long after birth can foals absorb protective maternal antibodies?
18-24 hours
Whole blood transfusion includes
Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells,
The sacculus rotundus is part of the intestinal anatomy of which species?
Rabbit
How long does estrus in the dog typically last?
4-13 days
Another term for the type of parasite known as a tapeworm
Cestode
What is the etiology of Clostridium botulinum, the toxin that causes botulism in cattle?
Ingestion
Condition of “founder” in the horse refers to
Inflammation of the laminae of the equine hoof and subsequent rotation of the third phalanx
function of a goblet cell?
Produce mucus
Lactose-fermenting bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella appear what color on MacConkey agar?
Pink or red
causative agent of what is commonly known as “Ich” in fish?
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
Olecranon is a structure of which bone?
Ulna
Which cranial nerve is known for three major branches?
CN V
Gentamicin is considered an:
aminoglycoside
What represents depolarization from the SA node through the atria on an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
P wave
Minute volume of a 4kg cat
1L
Minute volume: 180-380 ml/kg/min
What are the three layers of the meninges?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
What type of organism is typically detected with an acid-fast stain?
Mycobacteria
Name for canine hookworm
Ancylostoma spp.
White muscle disease is caused by a deficiency of which element
Selenium
What type of estrous cycle does a cow have?
Non-seasonal polyestrus
What heart valve is responsible for separating blood between the left atrium and left ventricle?
Mitral valve
What is the shape of a bacillus such as the bacteria that causes anthrax, Bacillus
Cylindrical
The “hock joint” of a horse is more appropriately identified as what structure?
Tarsocrural joint
What is the neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle?
Acetylcholine
When performing a major cross-match when a blood transfusion is necessary, which samples are mixed?
Recipient serum with donor erythrocytes
What is the vertebral formula for dogs and vats?
Cervical 7, Thoracic 13, Lumbar 7, Sacral 3
Which bacteria will not stain using the
Mycobacterium
How is tularemia transmitted (what is the vector?)
Ticks
dysecdysis means
Abnormal shedding of the skin
What is the average cloacal temperature of a chicken?
107F
Which of the 4 stomach compartments in the ruminant is considered the true glandular stomach?
Abomasum
Which of the following terms describes variation in cell size?
Anisocytosis
What term describes a dilated pupil?
Myadriatic
The olecranon is a structure of which bone?
Ulna (proximal portion of the ulna, forms the point of the elbow, triceps attaches here)
Which of the following diseases would be most likely to cause the development of cataracts in dogs?
Diabetes mellitus
Name the heart chamber responsible for pumping blood toward the lungs.
Right ventricle
Borrelia burgdorferi is the cause of which disease?
Lyme
A rupture or tear in the thoracic duct would result in what?
Chylothorax
Whipworm eggs (trichuris) look like what under microscopic examination?
Bipolar plugs on each end of the oval egg.
When are needle teeth in piglets usually clipped?
Within 24 hours of birth
A multi-lumen jugular catheter must be placed in a canine with renal disease for CVP monitoring. To what anatomical landmark should the catheter be inserted to?
3rd thoracic vertebrae
Trichomoniasis causes which of the following conditions in cattle?
Abortion
Approximately what percentage of body weight should a horse consume in forage (i.e. hay) per day?
2%
Which of the 4 stomach compartments of a ruminant is considered a true glandular stomach?
Abomasum
Youngest to oldest of tick lifecycle
Egg, larva, nymph, adult
A rabbit is brought in for skin problems. Upon exam, you notice large flakes of dead skin over the dorsum. Some of these flakes appear to move.
Cheyletiella
hypotonic solution will do what to a RBC?
Cause the red blood cell to burst
How many mammary glands does the goat have?
2
The analgesic effects of NSAIDs occur mainly because of their ability to:
inhibit the production of prostaglandins.
Antibodies belong to a class of
Proteins
