VTNE Flashcards
What are the two main categories of the skeleton?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
What is the primary function of fibrous joints?
Provide stability and protection; they are immovable joints.
What are the three types of muscle?
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Two atria and two ventricles.
What do arteries do?
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body.
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
Facilitate gas exchange, providing oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.
What are the three main sections of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
Filter blood to produce urine and maintain fluid balance.
What organs comprise the male reproductive system?
Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, and accessory glands.
What is the role of the pituitary gland?
Control other endocrine glands and regulate growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
How does inhalation occur?
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, expanding the thoracic cavity and allowing air to enter.
What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?
Heart, blood vessels, and blood.
What is the function of the liver in the digestive system?
Produce bile, process nutrients, and detoxify substances.
What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.
What are the primary pathogens that cause infectious diseases in animals?
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
What is Leptospirosis, and how is it diagnosed?
A zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Leptospira spp.; diagnosed via serology (MAT) or PCR.
What are the clinical signs of Canine Parvovirus (CPV)?
Severe vomiting, bloody diarrhea, and leukopenia.
How can Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) be prevented?
Keeping cats indoors and testing new cats before introduction.
What is the treatment for Heartworm Disease?
Adulticidal therapy (melarsomine) and microfilaricidal therapy (ivermectin).
What are the common clinical signs of diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats?
Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, and hyperglycemia.
How is Lymphoma diagnosed in animals?
Through cytology, histopathology, and imaging techniques like ultrasound or CT
What are the key components of a urinalysis in clinical pathology?
Specific gravity, pH, protein, and glucose levels.
What is the primary goal of palliative care in veterinary oncology?
To improve the quality of life for animals with terminal illnesses.
What preventive measures can be taken to control zoonotic diseases?
Vaccination, environmental sanitation, and personal hygiene practices.
What is pharmacology?
The science that studies how drugs interact with living organisms to produce therapeutic effects.
What are the main classifications of veterinary drugs?
Antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, antiparasitics, anesthetics, and analgesics.
Define pharmacokinetics.
The study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body.
What factors influence drug absorption?
Drug solubility, formulation, gastrointestinal motility, and route of administration.
Explain the role of veterinary technicians in pharmacology.
They administer medications, monitor patient responses, educate clients, manage pharmacy inventories, and maintain documentation.
What is pharmacodynamics?
The study of how drugs exert biochemical and physiological effects on target tissues and organs.
What are adverse reactions?
Undesirable effects of drug therapy that can range from mild symptoms to severe complications.
Name two specialized areas where pharmacology is applied in veterinary medicine.
Emergency and critical care, and oncology.
What is precision medicine in veterinary pharmacology?
Tailoring pharmacological therapies based on genetic profiles and individual patient responses.
Why is client education important in pharmacology?
It ensures proper medication administration, adherence to treatment schedules, and awareness of potential side effects.
What is surgical nursing?
The comprehensive care of animals undergoing surgery, including preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care.
What are key tasks performed during preoperative preparation?
Pre-anesthetic evaluations, obtaining patient histories, implementing fasting protocols, and administering premedications.
Why is intraoperative support critical?
It ensures surgical asepsis, monitors patient vital signs, assists with surgical techniques, and anticipates the surgical team’s needs.
What is the role of veterinary technicians in postoperative care?
Monitoring recovery, managing pain, administering medications, and educating pet owners about care instructions.
Name two types of anesthetic agents used in veterinary medicine.
Inhalant anesthetics (e.g., isoflurane) and injectable anesthetics (e.g., propofol).
What is the purpose of anesthesia monitoring?
To ensure patient safety and optimize anesthesia efficacy through continuous assessment of vital signs and anesthesia depth.
Describe a common technique for wound closure.
Simple interrupted sutures, continuous sutures, or tissue adhesives to promote healing and minimize complications.
What is multimodal pain management?
Using multiple analgesic methods, such as opioids and NSAIDs, to enhance pain relief and improve recovery.
How should complications related to anesthesia be managed?
By monitoring for hypotension and hypoventilation, and responding to issues like emergence delirium.
Why is professional development important for veterinary technicians?
It enhances clinical skills, keeps them updated on advances in surgical nursing and anesthesia, and upholds ethical standards.
What is the purpose of diagnostic imaging in veterinary medicine?
It provides insights into internal anatomy and pathology, aids in disease detection, treatment planning, and monitoring patient progress.
Name three common diagnostic imaging modalities.
Radiography (X-ray), ultrasonography, and computed tomography (CT).
What are the applications of radiography?
Evaluating fractures, assessing thoracic conditions, and detecting abdominal abnormalities.
How does ultrasonography work?
It uses high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images of soft tissues and organs.
What is computed tomography (CT) primarily used for?
Neurological imaging, trauma assessment, and oncological imaging.
Describe the role of veterinary technicians in diagnostic imaging.
They ensure optimal image quality, patient safety, and effective communication within the veterinary team.
What precautions should be taken for radiation safety in diagnostic imaging?
Implementing protocols to protect patients and staff from unnecessary radiation exposure.
What are advances in veterinary diagnostic imaging?
Three-dimensional imaging, contrast-enhanced imaging, and minimally invasive techniques.
How is diagnostic imaging integrated into veterinary specialties?
It is used in emergency medicine, oncology, orthopedics, and for exotic species.
Why is continuous professional development important for veterinary technicians in diagnostic imaging?
It helps them stay updated on advances and uphold safety and quality standards in imaging practices.
Why is dental health important in veterinary medicine?
It impacts the overall well-being and longevity of animals, preventing oral pain and systemic health issues.
What types of teeth are found in dogs and cats?
Incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, each serving specific functions.
What is the purpose of dental charting?
To accurately record findings during oral examinations to track dental health over time.
What are the components of professional dental cleaning (prophylaxis)?
Scaling to remove plaque and tartar, followed by polishing to smooth tooth surfaces.
Describe the role of veterinary technicians in dental procedures.
They assist in patient preparation, instrument sterilization, and client education about dental care.
What is periodontal probing used for?
To measure pocket depth around teeth, assessing periodontal health and guiding treatment.
How does digital radiography benefit veterinary dentistry?
It provides immediate image acquisition and enhanced diagnostic detail compared to traditional X-rays.
What techniques can be used for home dental care education?
Demonstrating proper brushing techniques and recommending dental diets or treats.
What advances in veterinary dentistry allow for minimally invasive procedures?
Dental endoscopy and laser dentistry.
Why is continuous education important for veterinary technicians in dentistry?
To uphold high standards of dental care and stay updated on best practices and technological advancements.
Why is understanding animal behavior important for veterinary technicians?
It ensures the safety of both the animal and the handler, facilitating effective and safe handling.
What are some common signs of canine aggression?
Growling, baring teeth, raised fur, and lunging.
Describe a technique for feline restraint.
The “kitty burrito” method, which involves wrapping the cat in a towel to prevent scratching and biting.
What is the principle of minimizing stress during restraint?
Restraint should be gentle and minimally invasive to avoid causing injury and to reduce stress for the animal.
What role do veterinary technicians play in behavioral assessment?
They assess an animal’s behavior upon arrival, identify signs of stress or aggression, and communicate this information to the veterinarian.
How does positive reinforcement aid in behavior modification?
By rewarding desired behaviors, such as using treats or praise, to encourage those behaviors in the future.
What is desensitization in the context of managing animal behavior?
Gradually exposing an animal to a feared stimulus at low intensity to build tolerance over time.
Name a modern behavior modification tool used in veterinary practice.
Clicker training, which marks desired behaviors with a click followed by a reward.
What is pheromone therapy, and how does it benefit animals in veterinary settings?
It uses synthetic pheromones to mimic natural calming signals, helping to reduce stress in animals.
Why is continuous education important for veterinary technicians regarding animal behavior and restraint?
It keeps them informed about the latest techniques and enhances their skills for better patient care.
What is the importance of large animal medicine?
Ensuring the health and productivity of farm animals such as cattle and horses.
What are common clinical signs of colic in horses?
Pawing, rolling, and decreased appetite.
What is laminitis in equines?
An inflammation of the hoof’s lamina, often associated with metabolic disorders.
What virus is responsible for Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)?
A retrovirus transmitted by flies and other insects.
What vaccinations are important for equine health?
Vaccinations against tetanus, equine influenza, and West Nile virus.
What is a common disease in cattle that causes inflammation of the mammary gland?
Mastitis.
What does reproductive management in cattle involve?
Techniques such as artificial insemination and pregnancy diagnosis.
What are clinical signs of psittacosis in birds?
Respiratory distress, nasal discharge, and lethargy.
What is a common metabolic disease in reptiles?
Metabolic Bone Disease (MBD).
What is important for the nutritional care of small mammals?
Diets that meet the specific nutritional needs of each species.
What is the main strategy for wildlife rehabilitation?
Rescue and monitoring prior to release into their natural habitat.
What role do laboratory procedures play in veterinary medicine?
They provide critical insights for diagnosis, treatment, and overall patient care.
What is a Complete Blood Count (CBC)?
A hematological test that assesses red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets to detect conditions like anemia and infection.
Why is laboratory testing important for disease monitoring?
It enables early detection of health issues and assessment of treatment efficacy.
What does clinical chemistry analyze?
Biochemical components in serum, plasma, or other fluids, including liver enzymes and renal function tests.
What is the purpose of bacterial culture and sensitivity testing?
To identify bacteria and determine the most effective antibiotics for treatment.
What is Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) used for?
To collect samples from masses or organs for cytological evaluation.
What parameters are evaluated in a urinalysis?
Physical characteristics, chemical composition, and microscopic examination of urine.
What are veterinary technicians responsible for in laboratory procedures?
Sample collection, laboratory analysis, and data interpretation.
What is Point-of-Care Testing (POCT)?
Rapid diagnostic tests that provide immediate results, useful in emergency situations.
How do automated analyzers enhance laboratory procedures?
They streamline workflow and improve accuracy in tests across various disciplines.
What is the significance of quality control in laboratory testing?
To verify the accuracy and reliability of test results.
How do advances in molecular diagnostics benefit veterinary medicine?
They allow for precise identification of pathogens and genetic disorders using PCR and DNA sequencing.
What role do veterinary technicians play in client communication regarding lab results?
They effectively communicate test results and treatment recommendations to pet owners with empathy.
Why is proficiency in laboratory procedures important for veterinary technicians?
It ensures accuracy in diagnostics and contributes significantly to patient care and practice success.
